The implementation of symbiosis approaches is recognized as an effective industrial strategy towards the optimization of resource exploitation and the improvement of collaboration in the context of Industry 4.0. An industrial system can be considered as a complex environment in which material, energy, machine, and human resources should cooperate towards the improvement of efficiency and the creation of value. According to this vision, the paper presents a detailed literature review about the existing symbiosis approaches: (i) industrial symbiosis models, which mainly aim at the sharing of resources among different companies, and (ii) human symbiosis, which focuses on how to effectively strengthen the synergy among humans and machines. Strengths, weaknesses and correlations among the most common symbiosis approaches are analysed and classified. Finally, the existing symbiosis models are related with the pillars of the Industry 4.0 paradigm, in order to understand what should be the future directions of research in the context of collaborative manufacturing.

中文翻译：

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工业4.0背景下共生方法的批判性回顾^☆

共生方法的实施被认为是在工业4.0的背景下优化资源开发和改善协作的有效工业策略。工业系统可以看作是一个复杂的环境，在该环境中，材料，能源，机器和人力资源应协同工作，以提高效率和创造价值。根据这一愿景，本文提供了有关现有共生方法的详细文献综述：（i）工业共生模型，其主要目标是不同公司之间的资源共享，以及（ii）人共生，其重点在于如何有效地进行共生。增强人与机器之间的协同作用。分析和分类了最常见的共生方法之间的优势，劣势和相关性。