Background

Emerging evidence demonstrates that bone is an endocrine organ capable of influencing multiple physiological and pathological processes through the secretion of hormones. Recent research suggests complex crosstalk between the bone and other metabolic and cardiovascular tissues. It was uncovered that three of these bone-derived hormones—osteocalcin, lipocalin 2, and sclerostin—are involved in the endocrine regulations of cardiometabolic health and play vital roles in the pathophysiological process of developing cardiometabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Chronic low-grade inflammation is one of the hallmarks of cardiometabolic diseases and a major contributor to disease progression. Novel evidence also implicates important roles of bone-derived hormones in the regulation of chronic inflammation.

Scope of review

In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the physiological and pathological roles of osteocalcin, lipocalin 2, and sclerostin in cardiometabolic health regulation and disease development, with a focus on the modulation of chronic inflammation.

Major conclusions

Evidence supports that osteocalcin has a protective role in cardiometabolic health, and an increase of lipocalin 2 contributes to the development of cardiometabolic diseases partly via pro-inflammatory effects. The roles of sclerostin appear to be complicated: It exerts pro-adiposity and pro-insulin resistance effects in type 2 diabetes and has an anti-calcification effect during cardiovascular disease. A better understanding of the actions of these bone-derived hormones in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases will provide crucial insights to help further research develop new therapeutic strategies to treat these diseases.

中文翻译：

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骨源激素在2型糖尿病和心血管病理生理中的作用。

背景

越来越多的证据表明，骨骼是一种内分泌器官，能够通过激素的分泌影响多种生理和病理过程。最近的研究表明，骨骼与其他代谢和心血管组织之间存在复杂的串扰。现已发现，这些骨源性激素中的三种-骨钙素，脂钙素2和硬化蛋白-参与心脏代谢健康的内分泌调节，并在发展心脏代谢综合征（例如2型糖尿病和心血管疾病）的病理生理过程中发挥重要作用。慢性低度炎症是心脏代谢疾病的标志之一，并且是疾病进展的主要因素。新的证据还暗示了骨源性激素在调节慢性炎症中的重要作用。

审查范围

在这篇综述中，我们详细介绍了骨钙素，脂蛋白2和硬化素在心脏代谢健康调节和疾病发展中的生理和病理作用，重点是慢性炎症的调节。

主要结论

有证据支持骨钙素在心脏代谢健康中具有保护作用，脂质运载蛋白2的增加部分通过促炎作用促进了心脏代谢疾病的发展。硬化蛋白的作用似乎很复杂：它在2型糖尿病中发挥促肥胖作用和促胰岛素抵抗作用，并在心血管疾病中具有抗钙化作用。更好地了解这些骨源性激素在心脏代谢疾病的病理生理中的作用将提供重要的见解，以帮助进一步研究开发治疗这些疾病的新治疗策略。