A key problem in explaining the mountain landscapes of the Mediterranean region is the relationship between the development of transhumance (seasonal movement of livestock over long distances) and deforestation of the subalpine and upper montane belts at 1350–2200 m above sea level (m a.s.l.). We examined this relationship in the Central Southern Pyrenees using information from multiple proxies—archaeology, pollen analysis, lacustrine sedimentation patterns, historical documents, and geomorphology. Although there is evidence of forest clearing since the Neolithic, and we can infer the presence of shepherds and livestock in mountain areas based on archaeological sites and pollen analysis in some lacustrine records, there is no strong evidence for transhumance between the Ebro Depression and the Pyrenees during the Prehistory. Instead, we found evidence of transterminance (seasonal movement of livestock over short distances) during this time. Growth of human populations and the establishment of large-scale markets favored longer livestock movements during the Roman period, although we only have indirect information on this for other areas of the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean region. A few documents indicate the occurrence of transhumance during the Early Middle Ages, whereas all other proxies indicate a general expansion of livestock and transhumance during the 12th and 13th centuries. This coincides with the Christian conquest of the Central Ebro Depression by the Aragon Kingdom, the organization of large wool markets in Western Europe, and the exemptions conferred by the kings of Aragon to herders in the city of Saragossa. This led to rapid deforestation, in that forests were rapidly logged or burned to expand the summer grasslands. During this period, written documents indicate many conflicts between people in the villages and valleys for control of summer grasslands, pollen analyses show a rapid decline of arboreal pollen, and geomorphology studies indicate greatly increased sedimentation rates following deforestation, suggesting intense erosion. Transhumance has declined since the end of the 18th century, and particularly throughout the 20th century, and this has led to tree re-colonization of less accessible and marginal areas. The hydrological and geomorphological consequences of these recent events are important topics for future studies.

解释地中海地区高山景观的一个关键问题是超人类发展（牲畜的长距离季节性移动）与海拔1350–2200 m的亚高山和上山地带森林砍伐之间的关系（m asl） 。我们使用来自多个代理的信息（考古，花粉分析，湖泊沉积模式，历史文献和地貌）检查了比利牛斯山脉中部的这种关系。尽管自新石器时代以来就有森林砍伐的证据，并且我们可以根据考古现场和某些湖粉记录中的花粉分析推断出山区有牧羊人和牲畜，但没有强有力的证据表明埃布罗洼地和比利牛斯山之间存在超人类现象在史前时期。代替，我们发现这段时间有转基因现象（牲畜在短距离内的季节性运动）。人口的增长和大型市场的建立有利于罗马时期牲畜的迁徙，尽管我们仅对伊比利亚半岛其他地区和地中海地区有间接的了解。一些文件表明在中世纪早期发生了超人类现象，而所有其他代理都表明在12世纪和13世纪期间牲畜和超人类现象普遍扩大。这与基督教徒对阿拉贡王国对中央埃布罗大萧条的征服，西欧大型羊毛市场的组织以及阿拉贡国王授予萨拉戈萨市牧民的豁免权相吻合。导致森林迅速砍伐，因为森林被迅速砍伐或燃烧以扩大夏季草原。在此期间，书面文件表明，控制夏季草原的村庄和山谷之间的人与人之间存在许多冲突，花粉分析表明树木花粉迅速减少，地貌学研究表明，森林砍伐后的沉积速率大大增加，表明侵蚀严重。自18世纪末以来，特别是在整个20世纪，超牲畜运输减少了，这导致树木不易进入和边缘地区的重新殖民化。这些近期事件的水文和地貌后果是未来研究的重要课题。书面文件表明，控制夏季草原的村庄和山谷之间的人与人之间存在许多冲突，花粉分析表明树木花粉迅速减少，地貌学研究表明，森林砍伐后的沉积速率大大增加，表明侵蚀严重。自18世纪末以来，特别是在整个20世纪，超牲畜运输减少了，这导致树木不易进入和边缘地区的重新殖民化。这些近期事件的水文和地貌后果是未来研究的重要课题。书面文件表明，控制夏季草原的村庄和山谷之间的人与人之间存在许多冲突，花粉分析表明树木花粉迅速减少，地貌学研究表明，森林砍伐后的沉积速率大大增加，表明侵蚀严重。自18世纪末以来，特别是在整个20世纪，超牲畜运输减少了，这导致树木不易进入和边缘地区的重新殖民化。这些近期事件的水文和地貌后果是未来研究的重要课题。自18世纪末以来，特别是在整个20世纪，超牲畜运输减少了，这导致树木无法进入和边缘地区的重新殖民化。这些近期事件的水文和地貌后果是未来研究的重要课题。自18世纪末以来，特别是在整个20世纪，超牲畜运输减少了，这导致树木不易进入和边缘地区的重新殖民化。这些近期事件的水文和地貌后果是未来研究的重要课题。