This paper addresses the sustainability of vanadium, taking into account the current state-of-the-art related to primary and secondary sources, substitution, production, and market developments. Vanadium plays a critical role in several strategic industrial applications including steel production and probable widespread utilization in next-generation batteries. Confirming the importance of vanadium, the European Commission identified and formally registered this metal on the 2017 list of Critical Raw Materials for the European Union. The United States and Canada have also addressed the importance of this metal. Like the European economy, the American and Canadian economies rely on vanadium and are not globally independent. This recognized importance of vanadium is driving many efforts in academia and industry to develop technologies for the utilization of secondary vanadium resources using hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical techniques. In this paper, current efforts and their outcomes are summarized along with the most recent patents for vanadium recovery.

本文考虑了当前与主要和次要来源，替代品，生产以及市场发展有关的最新技术，探讨了钒的可持续性。钒在包括钢铁生产在内的几种战略工业应用中起着至关重要的作用，并且可能在下一代电池中得到广泛利用。确认钒的重要性后，欧洲委员会确定了该金属并在2017年欧盟关键原材料清单中正式注册了该金属。美国和加拿大也谈到了这种金属的重要性。像欧洲经济一样，美国和加拿大经济也依赖钒，并且在全球范围内并不独立。钒的这种公认重要性正在推动学术界和工业界进行许多努力，以开发利用湿法冶金和火法冶金技术利用次要钒资源的技术。本文总结了当前的努力及其成果以及最新的钒回收专利。