The increasing level of pesticides and herbicides in food and water sources is a growing threat to human health and the environment. The development of portable, sensitive, specific, simple, and cost-effective sensors is hence in high demand to avoid exposure or consumption of these chemicals through efficient monitoring of their levels in food as well as water samples. The use of nanomaterials (NMs) for the construction of an immunosensing system was demonstrated to be an efficient and effective option to realize selective sensing against pesticides/herbicides. The potential of such applications has hence been demonstrated for a variety of NMs including graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metal nanoparticles, and nano-polymers either in pristine or composite forms based on diverse sensing principles (e.g., electrochemical, optical, and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)). This article evaluates the development, applicability, and performances of NM-based immunosensors for the measurement of pesticides and herbicides in water, food, and soil samples. The performance of all the surveyed sensors has been evaluated on the basis of key parameters, e.g., detection limit (DL), sensing range, and response time.

食物和水源中农药和除草剂水平的不断提高对人类健康和环境构成了日益严重的威胁。因此，迫切需要开发便携式，灵敏，专用，简单且具有成本效益的传感器，以通过有效监控食品和水样中的化学物质含量来避免这些化学物质的暴露或消耗。事实证明，使用纳米材料（NMs）构建免疫传感系统是实现针对农药/除草剂的选择性传感的有效选择。因此，已经证明了基于各种传感原理（例如电化学，光学，光学，化学和化学等）的原始材料或复合材料形式的各种NM（包括石墨烯，碳纳米管（CNT），金属纳米颗粒和纳米聚合物）的潜力。和石英晶体微量天平（QCM））。本文评估了用于测量水，食物和土壤样品中农药和除草剂的基于NM的免疫传感器的开发，适用性和性能。所有被调查传感器的性能已根据关键参数进行了评估，例如检测极限（DL），感应范围和响应时间。