Lytic bacteriophages that infect Campylobacter spp. have been utilized to develop therapeutic/decontamination techniques. However, the association of Campylobacter spp. and bacteriophages has been the focus of several strands of research aimed at understanding the complex relationships that have developed between predators and prey over evolutionary time. The activities of endogenous temperate bacteriophages have been used to evaluate genomic rearrangements and differential protein expression in host cells, and mechanisms of resistance to bacteriophage infection in campylobacters such as phase variation and CRISPR-mediated immunity. Temperate bacteriophage DA10 represents a novel excised and infective virus capable of replication in a restricted set of C. jejuni and C. coli hosts. Whole genome sequencing reveals that DA10 (35,379 bp) forms part of a novel group of temperate bacteriophages that have limited distribution among database host genome sequences. Analysis of potential host genomes reveals a robust response against DA10 and DA10-like bacteriophages is driven by CRISPR-mediated immunity with 75% of DA10 ORFs represented as ~ 30 bp spacer sequences in numerous Campylobacter Type II-C CRISPR arrays. Several DA10-like homologues have been identified in a small sub-set of C. jejuni and C. coli genome sequences (ranging from near complete integrated prophage sequences to fragments recognisable in the sequence read archive). A complete intact DA10-like prophage in C. jejuni CJ677CC520 provides evidence that the associations between host and DA10-like bacteriophages are long-standing in evolutionary timescales. Extensive nucleotide substitution and loss can be observed in the integrated DA10-like prophage of CJ677CC520 compared to other relatives as observed through pairwise genome comparisons. Examining factors that have limited the population expansion of the prophage, while others appear to have thrived and prospered (Mu-like, CJIE-like, and lytic Campylobacter bacteriophages) will assist in identifying the underlying evolutionary processes in the natural environment.

中文翻译：

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弯曲杆菌噬菌体DA10：CRISPR-cas靶向的切除的温带噬菌体。

感染弯曲杆菌属的溶菌性噬菌体。已经用于开发治疗/去污技术。但是，弯曲杆菌属。噬菌体一直是旨在理解捕食者与猎物在进化时期之间发展起来的复杂关系的几条研究的重点。内源性温带噬菌体的活性已用于评估宿主细胞中的基因组重排和差异蛋白表达，以及弯曲杆菌对噬菌体感染的抗性机制，例如相变和CRISPR介导的免疫。温带噬菌体DA10代表一种新颖的切除性和感染性病毒，能够在有限的空肠弯曲杆菌和大肠杆菌宿主中复制。全基因组测序显示DA10（35，379 bp）组成了一组新的温带噬菌体，它们在数据库宿主基因组序列之间的分布有限。潜在宿主基因组的分析揭示了对DA10和DA10样噬菌体的强大反应，是由CRISPR介导的免疫力驱动的，其中75％的DA10 ORF代表了众多弯曲杆菌II-C型CRISPR阵列中的〜30 bp间隔序列。在空肠弯曲杆菌和大肠杆菌基因组序列的一小部分中已鉴定出几种类似DA10的同源物（范围从几乎完整的整合噬菌体序列到序列读取档案中可识别的片段）。空肠弯曲杆菌CJ677CC520中完整的完整DA10样噬菌体提供了证据，证明宿主与DA10样噬菌体之间的关联在进化时间尺度上长期存在。通过成对的基因组比较，与其他亲戚相比，在整合的CJ677CC520 DA10样噬菌体中可以观察到广泛的核苷酸取代和丢失。检查限制该噬菌体种群扩展的因素，而其他因素似乎蓬勃发展并繁荣起来（Mu样，CJIE样和裂解性弯曲杆菌噬菌体），将有助于确定自然环境中潜在的进化过程。