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Global Nitrogen Cycle: Critical Enzymes, Organisms, and Processes for Nitrogen Budgets and Dynamics.
Chemical Reviews ( IF 62.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-12 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00613
Xinning Zhang 1, 2 , Bess B Ward 1, 2 , Daniel M Sigman 1
Affiliation  

Nitrogen (N) is used in many of life’s fundamental biomolecules, and it is also a participant in environmental redox chemistry. Biogeochemical processes control the amount and form of N available to organisms (“fixed” N). These interacting processes result in N acting as the proximate limiting nutrient in most surface environments. Here, we review the global biogeochemical cycle of N and its anthropogenic perturbation. We introduce important reservoirs and processes affecting N in the environment, focusing on the ocean, in which N cycling is more generalizable than in terrestrial systems, which are more heterogeneous. Particular attention is given to processes that create and destroy fixed N because these comprise the fixed N input/output budget, the most universal control on environmental N availability. We discuss preindustrial N budgets for terrestrial and marine systems and their modern-day alteration by N inputs from human activities. We summarize evidence indicating that the simultaneous roles of N as a required biomass constituent and an environmental redox intermediate lead to stabilizing feedbacks that tend to blunt the impact of N cycle perturbations at larger spatiotemporal scales, particularly in marine systems. As a result of these feedbacks, the anthropogenic “N problem” is distinct from the “carbon dioxide problem” in being more local and less global, more immediate and less persistent.

中文翻译:

全球氮循环:氮预算和动态的关键酶,生物和过程。

氮(N)被用于生命的许多基本生物分子中,并且也是环境氧化还原化学的参与者。生物地球化学过程控制着有机体可利用的氮的数量和形式(“固定”氮)。这些相互作用的过程导致N在大多数表面环境中成为最接近的限制性营养素。在这里,我们回顾了N的全球生物地球化学循环及其人为扰动。我们将重点介绍影响环境中N的重要储层和过程,重点是海洋,N循环比陆地系统中的N循环更为普遍,而陆地系统的异构性更高。特别注意创建和销毁固定氮的过程,因为这些过程包括固定N输入/输出预算,这是对环境N可用性的最通用控制。我们讨论了陆地和海洋系统的工业化前N预算,以及现代人为活动产生的N投入对它们的修改。我们总结了证据表明,N作为必需的生物量成分和环境氧化还原中间产物的同时作用导致稳定的反馈,这些反馈往往会在较大的时空范围内,特别是在海洋系统中,钝化N周期扰动的影响。这些反馈的结果是,人为的“ N问题”与“二氧化碳问题”不同,因为它更具局域性,全球化性,即时性和持久性。我们总结了证据表明,N作为必需的生物量成分和环境氧化还原中间产物的同时作用导致稳定的反馈,这些反馈往往会在较大的时空范围内,特别是在海洋系统中,钝化N周期扰动的影响。这些反馈的结果是,人为的“ N问题”与“二氧化碳问题”不同,因为它更具局域性,全球化性,即时性和持久性。我们总结了证据表明,N作为必需的生物量成分和环境氧化还原中间产物的同时作用导致稳定的反馈,这些反馈往往会在较大的时空范围内,特别是在海洋系统中,钝化N周期扰动的影响。这些反馈的结果是,人为的“ N问题”与“二氧化碳问题”不同,因为它更具局域性,不那么全局性,更直接且不那么持久。
更新日期:2020-06-24
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