We review the spatial distribution of toxic marine microalgal species and the impacts of all types of harmful algal events (Harmful Algal Blooms, HABs) in the Mediterranean Sea (MS), including the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, coastal lagoons and transitional waters, based on two databases compiled in the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS). Eighty-four potentially toxic species have been detected in the MS (2,350 records), of which 16 described from these waters between 1860 and 2014 and a few suspected to have been introduced. More than half of these species (46) produce toxins that may affect human health, the remainders ichthyotoxic substances (29) or other types of toxins (9). Nevertheless, toxicity-related events are not frequent in the MS (308 records in 31 years), and mainly consist of impacts on aquaculture, caused by the dinoflagellates Dinophysis and Alexandrium, along with a few actual shellfish poisoning cases. Pseudo-nitzschia blooms are widespread, but domoic acid in shellfish rarely exceeds regulatory levels. Fish kills are probably less sporadic than reported, representing a problem at a few places along the southern MS coasts and in the Ebro River Delta. Since the last decade of the 20^th century, blooms of the benthic dinoflagellates Ostreopsis cf. ovata have regularly occurred all along rocky shores of the MS, at times with human health problems caused by toxic aerosol. New records of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, until now reported for the westernmost and easternmost MS coasts, raise concerns about the risk of ciguatera, a syndrome so far known only for subtropical and tropical areas. Recent discoveries are the dinoflagellates Vulcanodinium rugosum, responsible for the presence of pinnatoxins in French lagoons’ shellfish, and the azaspiracid-producers Azadinium spp. Mucilages and discolorations have a major impact on tourism in summer. Reports of toxic species and HABs have apparently increased in the MS over the last half century, which is likely related to the increased awareness and monitoring operations rather than to an actual increase of these phenomena. Indeed, while the case of Ostreopsis appears as a sudden upsurge rather than a trend, no actual increase of toxic or noxious events has so far emerged in intensively studied areas, such as the French and Spanish coasts or the Adriatic Sea. Moreover, some cases of decrease are reported, e.g., for Alexandrium minutum blooms disappearing from the Harbour of Alexandria. Overall, main HAB risks derive from cases of massive development of microalgal biomass and consequent impacts of reduced coastal water quality on tourism, which represents the largest part of the marine economy along the MS coasts.

我们回顾了有毒海洋微藻物种的空间分布以及地中海（MS）（包括黑海，马尔马拉海，沿海泻湖和过渡水域）中所有类型的有害藻类事件（有害藻华，HAB）的影响，基于海洋生物地理信息系统（OBIS）中汇编的两个数据库。MS中已检测到84种潜在毒性物种（2,350条记录），其中1860年至2014年间在这些水域中描述了16种，并怀疑引入了其中几种。这些物种中的一半以上（46）产生可能影响人类健康的毒素，其余的鱼鳞毒素物质（29）或其他类型的毒素（9）。不过，MS中与毒性相关的事件并不常见（31年中有308条记录），主要包括对水产养殖的影响，Dinophysis和Alexandrium，以及一些实际的贝类中毒案例。假性紫罗兰绽放很普遍，但是贝类中的二氢氰酸很少超过监管水平。鱼类死亡的散发可能不如所报道的那么零星，这代表了南MS沿海和埃布罗河三角洲的一些地方的问题。因为20的最后十年^个世纪，底栖甲藻的大量繁殖Ostreopsis参见 卵子经常出现在MS的多岩石的海岸上，有时因有毒的气溶胶引起人类健康问题。Gambierdiscus和Fukuyoa的新记录直到现在为止，有关MS海岸最西端和最东端的报道都引起人们对Ciguatera（一种仅在亚热带和热带地区才知道的综合症）风险的担忧。最近的发现是茴香鞭毛藻（Vulcanodinium rugosum）（负责法国泻湖贝类中品纳毒素的存在）和生产氮杂螺菌酸的Azadinium spp。夏季，黏液和变色对旅游业具有重大影响。在过去的半个世纪中，MS中有毒物种和HAB的报告显然有所增加，这很可能与意识和监测操作的增加有关，而不是与这些现象的实际增加有关。的确，虽然骨质疏松症出现是突然的高潮而不是趋势，到目前为止，在深入研究的地区，例如法国和西班牙海岸或亚得里亚海，尚未出现有毒或有害事件的实际增加。此外，据报道有些减少的情况，例如亚历山大港的小花从亚历山大港消失。总体而言，HAB的主要风险源于微藻生物量的大规模开发以及随之而来的沿海水质下降对旅游业的影响，旅游业是MS沿岸海洋经济的最大组成部分。