The abilities to resolve flanker and Stroop interference, which are primarily mediated by the prefrontal cortex (PFC), have been shown to be dissociable at the individual difference level. However, the relationship between the neurocognitive development of these two aspects of interference control remains unclear. This study examined developmental changes in inhibition performance and PFC activation during flanker and Stroop interference control using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Twenty-eight healthy children and adolescents aged 7–16 years (16 males) underwent the arrow flanker and color-word matching Stroop paradigms while changes in oxyhemoglobin concentration in the PFC were monitored by fNIRS. We found developmental improvements in inhibition performance in terms of the interference scores on both the flanker and Stroop tasks. There were also developmental increases in PFC activation, particularly in the medial region, while resolving flanker and Stroop interference. Despite developmental changes in inhibition performance and medial PFC activation during both tasks, the developmental changes that we observed for these two aspects of interference control were found to be relatively independent of each other. Our findings support the heterogeneous view of interference control and suggest that the neurocognitive development of flanker and Stroop interference control is only weakly associated, if not dissociable.

主要由前额叶皮层（PFC）介导的解决侧翼和Stroop干扰的能力已显示在个体差异水平上是可分离的。但是，这两个方面的干扰控制的神经认知发展之间的关系仍然不清楚。这项研究使用功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）研究了侧翼和Stroop干扰控制过程中抑制性能和PFC活化的发展变化。28名7-16岁的健康儿童和青少年（16名男性）进行了箭号攻击和颜色词匹配的Stroop范式，而fNIRS监测了PFC中氧合血红蛋白浓度的变化。我们发现在侧翼任务和Stroop任务的干扰得分方面，抑制性能的发展得到了改善。在解决侧翼和Stroop干扰的同时，尤其是在内侧区域，PFC的激活也有所发展。尽管在两个任务期间抑制性能和内侧PFC激活发生了发展变化，但我们在干扰控制的这两个方面观察到的发展变化却彼此相对独立。我们的发现支持干扰控制的异质性观点，并暗示侧翼和Stroop干扰控制的神经认知发展只有微弱的联系，甚至是不可分离的。同时解决侧卫和Stroop干扰。尽管在两个任务期间抑制性能和内侧PFC激活发生了发展变化，但我们在干扰控制的这两个方面观察到的发展变化却彼此相对独立。我们的发现支持干扰控制的异质性观点，并暗示侧翼和Stroop干扰控制的神经认知发展只有微弱的联系，甚至是不可分离的。同时解决侧卫和Stroop干扰。尽管在两个任务期间抑制性能和内侧PFC激活发生了发展变化，但我们在干扰控制的这两个方面观察到的发展变化却彼此相对独立。我们的发现支持干扰控制的异质性观点，并暗示侧翼和Stroop干扰控制的神经认知发展只有微弱的联系，甚至是不可分离的。