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Female dispersal patterns influenced by male tenure duration and group size in western lowland gorillas
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-11 , DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02863-8
Marie L. Manguette , Andrew M. Robbins , Thomas Breuer , Emma J. Stokes , Richard J. Parnell , Martha M. Robbins

Abstract Evaluating the factors influencing the patterns of female dispersal in mammals is critical to understanding its importance for male and female reproductive strategies and the evolution of social systems. In western lowland gorillas, females emigrate from their natal group (natal dispersal) but also disperse between groups multiple times in their life (secondary dispersal). This strategy is uncommon in primates and may reflect females seeking to reduce feeding competition or female choice for males that can provide protection against infanticide. In this study, we test how inbreeding avoidance, group size, and male competitive ability could influence female dispersal in western gorillas, using 25 natal and 285 secondary dispersal events collected over 20 years at Mbeli Bai. We found that while all females dispersed out of their natal group, presumably to avoid inbreeding, females also left their group before having their first offspring when the dominant male was not their father, pointing towards unconditional dispersal by nulliparous females. Regarding secondary dispersal, we found that females were more likely to stay with males that were at the beginning of their tenure than transfer and more likely to disperse away from (presumably old) males that were near the end of their tenure or closer to their death. Females were also more likely to leave larger groups for smaller ones suggesting a potential effect of within-group feeding competition or avoidance of outsider males or predators. This study highlights the intersexual conflict found in gorillas: while female choice for high-quality males may influence the formation of their relatively rare social system, smaller group size may be more important for females than previously thought, which runs counter to the males’ interest of having a high number of females. Significance Dispersal is a very important life strategy for most group-living mammals. Secondary dispersal by females is a rare behavior but is believed to be a counterstrategy against sexual coercion by males, reduces feeding competition, assists in predator avoidance, and facilitates mate choice. We studied the factors influencing secondary dispersal in western lowland gorillas. We found that the duration of male tenure and the size of the group influences female transfer decisions. This study shows that female reproductive strategies such as secondary dispersal may be very powerful to counter the risk of infanticide through female choice for better protector males but also to reduce the impact of feeding competition or to avoid predators or outsider males.

中文翻译:

西部低地大猩猩雄性保有权持续时间和群体规模影响雌性分散模式

摘要 评估影响哺乳动物雌性传播模式的因素对于理解其对雄性和雌性生殖策略和社会系统进化的重要性至关重要。在西部低地大猩猩中,雌性从出生群迁徙(出生散布),但在其一生中也多次散布在群之间(二次散布)。这种策略在灵长类动物中并不常见,可能反映了雌性寻求减少喂食竞争或雌性对雄性的选择,以防止杀婴。在这项研究中,我们使用在 Mbeli Bai 20 多年来收集的 25 次出生和 285 次次生传播事件来测试近亲繁殖回避、群体规模和雄性竞争能力如何影响西部大猩猩的雌性传播。我们发现虽然所有的女性都分散在他们的出生组之外,大概是为了避免近亲繁殖,当占主导地位的雄性不是它们的父亲时,雌性在产生第一个后代之前也离开了它们的群体,这表明未生育的雌性会无条件地分散。关于二次分散,我们发现女性更可能留在任期开始时的男性身上,而不是转移,并且更有可能远离任期即将结束或接近死亡的(可能是年长的)男性。 . 雌性也更有可能离开较大的群体去寻找较小的群体,这表明群体内的进食竞争或避免外来雄性或捕食者的潜在影响。这项研究强调了在大猩猩中发现的两性冲突:虽然雌性选择优质雄性可能会影响它们相对稀有的社会系统的形成,对于女性来说,较小的群体规模可能比以前认为的更重要,这与男性拥有大量女性的兴趣背道而驰。意义 对于大多数群居哺乳动物来说,散布是一种非常重要的生命策略。雌性的二次驱散是一种罕见的行为,但被认为是对抗雄性的性胁迫、减少进食竞争、帮助避免捕食者并促进配偶选择的对策。我们研究了影响西部低地大猩猩二次扩散的因素。我们发现男性任期的持续时间和团队规模会影响女性的转移决策。
更新日期:2020-06-11
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