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General attributes and practice of ecological restoration in Arizona and California, U.S.A., revealed by restoration stakeholder surveys
Restoration Ecology ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-10 , DOI: 10.1111/rec.13221
Yue M. Li 1, 2 , Elise S. Gornish 1
Affiliation  

Ecological restoration has become increasingly important in conservation. Yet, synthesized statistics are scarce with respect to essential characteristics of restoration activities. We surveyed restoration stakeholders in the U.S. states of Arizona and California to evaluate key attributes in restoration activities including ecosystems of focus, goals, size, cost, duration, and the prevalence of recommended restoration practices. We also examined how some of the attributes varied with size of restoration, ecosystem type, and state identity. While enhancing biodiversity and increasing plant cover were common goals in the two states, restoration in California also focused more on wildlife habitat re‐establishment and weed control. Restoration in Arizona was implemented more in arid/semiarid systems, larger in size, shorter in duration, used more passive restoration, spent more on equipment, and was less likely to source plants from native plant nurseries. Labor was the most expensive restoration component regardless of state identity and ecosystem type. Per unit area cost of restoration decreased with increasing size of restoration. Yet, the decline in this cost was more strongly explained by moving from mesic to arid/semiarid ecosystems. Duration of restoration projects increased with size of restoration and in more mesic ecosystems. Overall, restoration in mesic ecosystems, compared to arid/semiarid systems, was smaller in size, higher in cost, and longer in duration. These results confirmed that ecological and socio‐political conditions impact restoration goals and practice, with implications of how research can further support practitioners to achieve restoration success under practical constraints revealed by these results.

中文翻译:

恢复利益相关者调查揭示了美国亚利桑那州和加利福尼亚州生态恢复的一般属性和实践

生态恢复在保护中变得越来越重要。然而,关于恢复活动的基本特征的综合统计数据很少。我们对美国亚利桑那州和加利福尼亚州的恢复利益相关者进行了调查,以评估恢复活动中的关键属性,包括重点,目标,规模,成本,持续时间以及推荐的恢复实践的普遍性等生态系统。我们还研究了某些属性如何随恢复规模,生态系统类型和状态标识而变化。虽然增加生物多样性和增加植物覆盖率是这两个州的共同目标,但加利福尼亚州的恢复工作也更多地侧重于野生动植物栖息地的重建和杂草控制。亚利桑那州的修复工作在干旱/半干旱的系统中得到了更多实施,规模更大,持续时间更短,使用了更多的被动修复,在设备上花费了更多的钱,并且不太可能从原生植物苗圃中采购植物。无论国家身份和生态系统类型如何,劳动力都是最昂贵的恢复工作。单位面积的修复成本随着修复规模的增加而降低。然而,通过从中型生态系统转向干旱/半干旱生态系统,可以更强有力地解释这一成本的下降。恢复项目的持续时间随着恢复规模的增加和更多生态系统的增加而延长。总体而言,与干旱/半干旱系统相比,中生生态系统的恢复规模更小,成本更高,持续时间更长。这些结果证实,生态和社会政治条件会影响恢复目标和实践,
更新日期:2020-06-10
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