Abstract Application of conventional phosphorus (P) fertilizer poses great concern due to its low P efficiency and potential eutrophication of P in sensitive waters. A novel biostimulant, Paecilomyces variotii extract (ZNC), with functionality of improving nutrient uptakes of crops, was integrated with diammonium phosphate coated with biobased polyurethane polymer in a three-year field trial. The objectives were to explore the effects and mechanisms of the controlled-release diammonium phosphate (CRP), ZNC and their combination on P use efficiency (PUE), economic benefit, soil P supply, and root growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L., Zhengdan ‘958’). The experiment consisted of five treatments: regular diammonium phosphate (DAP); CRP with release longevity of three months (CDAP); regular diammonium phosphate combined with ZNC (DAPZ); CRP combined with ZNC (CDAPZ); and no added P fertilizer (Control), each with three replicates. The results indicated that CDAP and DAPZ treatments significantly increased average yield by 9.65 % and 3.56 %, and PUE by 7.72 % and 3.32 %, respectively, when compared with DAP treatment. Similarly, the average soil available-P of CDAP and DAPZ treatments was increased by 10.0 % and 45.9 % at 0−40 cm soil depth. Furthermore, CDAP and DAPZ treatments significantly increased maize total root length by 178.2 % and 223.6 %, and bleeding sap rate by 23.3 % and 32.5 %, respectively, at the jointing stage. However, the average maize yield and net income of combined CDAPZ treatment had no significant difference relative to CDAP and DAPZ treatments. Moreover, the total root length of CDAPZ treatment was reduced by 16.0 % and 27.8 %, compared to CDAP and DAPZ treatments. Hence the application of CRP or ZNC could increase maize yield by improving soil P supply intensity to meet maize P demand and promoting root morphological characteristics and vitality. However, the combination of CRP and ZNC did not demonstrate significant synergies on yield improvement and root growth promotion. Further research is needed for the development and application of biostimulant enhanced fertilizer as a green environmental technology.

中文翻译：

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控释磷酸二铵和拟青霉提取物对玉米产量和根系形态特征的影响

摘要 常规磷 (P) 肥料的施用因其低磷效率和敏感水域中磷的潜在富营养化而受到极大关注。在为期三年的田间试验中，一种新型生物刺激剂——拟青霉提取物 (ZNC) 与涂有生物基聚氨酯聚合物的磷酸二铵相结合，具有提高作物养分吸收的功能。目的是探讨控释磷酸二铵（CRP）、ZNC及其组合对玉米（Zea mays L）磷利用效率（PUE）、经济效益、土壤磷供应、根系生长和产量的影响和机制。 .，正单'958'）。实验包括五个处理：常规磷酸二铵（DAP）；发布期限为三个月的 CRP (CDAP)；常规磷酸二铵与 ZNC (DAPZ) 结合；CRP结合ZNC（CDAPZ）；且不加磷肥（对照），每个重复 3 次。结果表明，与 DAP 处理相比，CDAP 和 DAPZ 处理使平均产量分别显着提高了 9.65% 和 3.56%，PUE 分别显着提高了 7.72% 和 3.32%。同样，CDAP 和 DAPZ 处理的平均土壤有效磷在 0-40 cm 土壤深度增加了 10.0% 和 45.9%。此外，在拔节阶段，CDAP 和 DAPZ 处理使玉米总根长分别显着增加了 178.2% 和 223.6%，流血率分别增加了 23.3% 和 32.5%。然而，CDAPZ联合处理的平均玉米产量和净收入相对于CDAP和DAPZ处理没有显着差异。此外，CDAPZ 处理的总根长减少了 16.0 % 和 27.8 %，与 CDAP 和 DAPZ 治疗相比。因此，施用CRP或ZNC可以通过提高土壤磷供给强度满足玉米磷需求，促进根系形态特征和活力来提高玉米产量。然而，CRP 和 ZNC 的组合在提高产量和促进根系生长方面没有表现出显着的协同作用。生物刺激素强化肥料作为绿色环保技术的开发和应用需要进一步研究。