In this paper, the traffic equilibriums for mixed traffic flows of human-driven vehicles (HDV) and connected and autonomous vehicles (CAV) under a tradable credit scheme (TCS) are established and formulated as two variational inequality (VI) problems with exogenous and endogenous CAV penetration rate, respectively. A modified Lagrangian dual (MLD) method embedded with a revised Smith’s route-swapping (RSRS) algorithm is proposed to solve the problems. Based on the numerical analysis, the impacts of CAV penetration and the extra expense of using a CAV on network performance are investigated. A novel driveway management, autonomous vehicle/credit charge (AVCC) link, is put forward to improve the efficiency of TCS. Under the TCS with exogenous CAV penetration rate, a logit-based model is applied to describe the stochastic user equilibrium for mixed traffic flow. It is found that the penetration of CAV gives rise to a better network performance and it can be further improved by the deployment of AVCC link. Under the TCS with endogenous penetration rate, a nested-logit model is applied to describe travelers’ choices of vehicle types and routes. It is found that the deployment of AVCC links can slow down the decline rate of CAV penetration with increasing expense and thus ensure a lower average travel time for CAVs. In both cases, the deployment of AVCC links can stimulate credit trading and drop down its unit price.

中文翻译：

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可交易积分制下交通网络中人力车辆与互联自动驾驶汽车混合交通流量的交通平衡

在本文中，建立了可交易信贷计划（TCS）下的人类驾驶车辆（HDV）与连接和自动驾驶汽车（CAV）混合交通流的交通平衡，并将其公式化为两个具有外生性和外部性的变分不平等（VI）问题。内源性CAV渗透率分别。为了解决该问题，提出了一种改进的拉格朗日对偶（MLD）方法，该方法嵌入了修订的Smith的路由交换（RSRS）算法。基于数值分析，研究了CAV渗透的影响以及使用CAV对网络性能的额外影响。为了提高TCS的效率，提出了一种新颖的车道管理，自动驾驶汽车/信用卡收费（AVCC）链接。在具有外源CAV渗透率的TCS下，应用基于logit的模型描述混合交通流量的随机用户平衡。已经发现，CAV的渗透会带来更好的网络性能，并且可以通过部署AVCC链路来进一步改善它。在TCS具有内生渗透率的情况下，采用嵌套logit模型来描述旅行者对车辆类型和路线的选择。发现，AVCC链路的部署可以通过增加费用来减慢CAV渗透率的下降速度，从而确保CAV的平均旅行时间较短。在这两种情况下，部署AVCC链接都可以刺激信贷交易并降低其单价。在TCS具有内生渗透率的情况下，采用嵌套logit模型来描述旅行者对车辆类型和路线的选择。发现，AVCC链路的部署可以通过增加费用来减慢CAV渗透率的下降速度，从而确保CAV的平均旅行时间较短。在这两种情况下，部署AVCC链接都可以刺激信贷交易并降低其单价。在TCS具有内生渗透率的情况下，采用嵌套logit模型来描述旅行者对车辆类型和路线的选择。发现，AVCC链路的部署可以随着费用的增加而减慢CAV渗透率的下降速度，从而确保降低CAV的平均旅行时间。在这两种情况下，部署AVCC链接都可以刺激信贷交易并降低其单价。