Biomaterials as bone substitutes are always considered as foreign bodies that can trigger host immune responses. Traditional designing principles have been always aimed at minimizing the immune reactions by fabricating inert biomaterials. However, clinical evidence revealed that those methods still have limitations and many of which were only feasible in the laboratory. Currently, osteoimmunology, the very pioneering concept is drawing more and more attention—it does not simply regard the immune response as an obstacle during bone healing but emphasizes the intimate relationship of the immune and skeletal system, which includes diverse cells, cytokines, and signaling pathways. Properties of biomaterials like topography, wettability, surface charge, the release of cytokines, mediators, ions and other bioactive molecules can impose effects on immune responses to interfere with the skeletal system. Based on the bone formation mechanisms, the designing methods of the biomaterials change from immune evasive to immune reprogramming. Here, we discuss the osteoimmunomodulatory effects of the new modification strategies—adjusting properties of bone biomaterials to induce a favorable osteoimmune environment. Such strategies showed potential to benefit the development of bone materials and lay a solid foundation for the future clinical application.

中文翻译：

---

生物材料修饰策略对巨噬细胞极化和骨再生的骨免疫调节作用。

生物材料作为骨替代物一直被认为是可以触发宿主免疫反应的异物。传统的设计原理一直旨在通过制造惰性生物材料来最小化免疫反应。但是，临床证据表明，这些方法仍然有局限性，其中许多方法仅在实验室可行。当前，骨免疫学这个非常开创性的概念正受到越来越多的关注-它不仅将免疫反应视为骨骼愈合过程中的障碍，而且还强调了免疫系统与骨骼系统的紧密关系，其中包括多种细胞，细胞因子和信号传导途径。生物材料的特性，例如地形，润湿性，表面电荷，细胞因子的释放，介体，离子和其他生物活性分子可对免疫反应产生影响，从而干扰骨骼系统。基于骨形成机制，生物材料的设计方法从免疫规避变为免疫重编程。在这里，我们讨论了新的修饰策略的骨免疫调节作用-调节骨生物材料的特性以诱导良好的骨免疫环境。这些策略显示出有益于骨材料开发的潜力，并为将来的临床应用奠定了坚实的基础。我们讨论了新修饰策略的骨免疫调节作用-调节骨生物材料的特性以诱导良好的骨免疫环境。这些策略显示出有益于骨材料开发的潜力，并为将来的临床应用奠定了坚实的基础。我们讨论了新修饰策略的骨免疫调节作用-调节骨生物材料的特性以诱导良好的骨免疫环境。这些策略显示出有益于骨材料开发的潜力，并为将来的临床应用奠定了坚实的基础。