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Bill disparity and feeding strategies among fossil and modern penguins
Paleobiology ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-03 , DOI: 10.1017/pab.2020.10
Martín Chávez-Hoffmeister

One of the most remarkable differences between Paleogene penguins and their living relatives is the shape and length of their beaks. Many of the Eocene and Oligocene penguins have a thin and elongated spear-like bill, which contrasts with the proportionally shorter and more robust bill of most living species. These differences suggest an important shift in their feeding strategies. This study explores the morphological disparity on the skull of penguins, emphasizing bill morphology and it relationship with feeding habits. For this, the skulls of 118 species of aquatic birds, including 21 fossil and living penguins, were analyzed using two-dimensional geometric morphometric. The results show that, unlike what has been reported for modern birds overall, in penguins and Aequornithes, bill elongation is related to a reduction of the braincase. The discriminant analysis shows that there are significant differences between penguins that feed near or far from the coast and between those that consume nectonic and planktonic prey, identifying Madrynornis as the only extinct form with a possibly planktonic diet. Additionally, it is clear that Paleogene penguins occupy a region of morphospace unexplored by most diving birds, with the western grebe being their closest modern analogue. This is consistent with the hypothesis that giant penguins hunted by harpooning and not by biting as living forms do, signaling a significant change in the habits of those birds leading to the emergence of their crown group.

中文翻译:

化石和现代企鹅之间的账单差异和喂养策略

古近纪企鹅与其现存近亲之间最显着的区别之一是它们喙的形状和长度。许多始新世和渐新世企鹅都有细长的矛状喙,这与大多数现存物种的较短和更健壮的喙形成鲜明对比。这些差异表明他们的喂养策略发生了重要转变。本研究探讨企鹅头骨的形态差异,强调喙​​形态及其与摄食习性的关系。为此,使用二维几何形态测量分析了 118 种水鸟的头骨,包括 21 种化石和活企鹅。结果表明,与现代鸟类的总体报道不同,在企鹅和长臂猿中,喙的伸长与脑壳的减少有关。马德瑞诺尼斯作为唯一一种可能以浮游生物为食的灭绝形式。此外,很明显,古近纪企鹅占据了大多数潜水鸟类未探索过的形态空间区域,西部鸊鷉是它们最接近的现代类似物。这与巨型企鹅通过鱼叉而不是像生物一样咬人的假设是一致的,这表明这些鸟类的习性发生了重大变化,导致它们的冠群出现。
更新日期:2020-03-03
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