Caragana microphylla Lam plays an important role in desert-grassland revegetation. Plant reproduction in arid regions may be restricted due to the low abundance or visiting frequency of pollinators. We tested the visited flowers, the pollinated flowers and seed production to estimate how pollinator limitation affects the seed numbers of visited and pollinated flowers. We investigated the floral characters, pollinator activities, and breeding systems of C. microphylla. Our results showed that pollinator limitation was the dominant limiting factor in seed production. In addition, floral characters were moderately positively correlated, and more open flowers with large corollas and long spurs were observed in the natural plots than in grazed plots. Apis mellifera was the most important pollinator. Our findings further indicate that the number of opening flowers and rate of pollinator visitation were positively correlated. In C. microphylla, insect pollination was dominant in outcrossing, and self-pollination played a supporting role in ensuring successful pollination. This study provides a better understanding of how grazing habitat affects floral characters, pollinator limitation, and pollination success of C. microphylla.

中文翻译：

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小叶锦鸡儿不同生境的比较花卉性状、传粉者限制和传粉成功

小叶锦鸡儿在荒漠草原植被恢复中发挥着重要作用。由于传粉媒介的丰度或访问频率低，干旱地区的植物繁殖可能会受到限制。我们测试了访问的花、授粉的花和种子产量，以估计传粉者限制如何影响访问和授粉的花的种子数量。我们调查了 C. microphylla 的花卉特征、传粉媒介活动和育种系统。我们的结果表明，传粉媒介限制是种子生产的主要限制因素。此外，花卉性状呈中度正相关，自然地块比放牧地块开出的花大、花冠大、刺长。蜜蜂是最重要的传粉者。我们的研究结果进一步表明，开放的花朵数量和传粉媒介访问率呈正相关。在C. microphylla中，昆虫授粉在异交中占主导地位，自花授粉在确保授粉成功方面起到辅助作用。这项研究提供了更好地了解放牧栖息地如何影响小叶小叶草的花卉特征、传粉媒介限制和传粉成功。