Maintenance of biodiversity through seed banks and botanical gardens, where the wealth of species' genetic variation may be preserved ex situ, is a major goal of conservation. However, challenges can persist in optimizing ex situ collections where trade-offs exist between expense, effort, and conserving species evolutionary potential, particularly when genetic data is not available. Within this context, we evaluate the genetic consequences of guiding population preservation using geographic (isolation-by-distance, IBD) and/or environmental (isolation-by-environment, IBE) distance for ex situ collections where population provenance is available. We use 19 genetic and genomic datasets from 15 plant species to (i) assess the proportion of population genetic differentiation explained by geographic, environmental or both factors, and (ii) simulate ex situ collections prioritizing source populations using pairwise geographic distance, environmental distance or both. Specifically, we test the impact prioritizing sampling based on these distances may have on capturing neutral, functional or putatively adaptive genetic diversity and differentiation. Individually, IBD and IBE alone explain limited population genetic differences across all three genetic marker classes (IBD: 10%-16%, IBE: 1%-5.5%). However, together, they explain a substantial proportion of population genetic differences for functional (45%) and adaptive (71%) variation. Consistent with these results, simulated ex situ collections reveal that inclusion of IBD and/or IBE increases both allelic diversity and genetic differentiation captured among populations, particularly for loci that may be important for adaptation. Thus, prioritizing population collections using environmental and/or geographic distance data can optimize genetic variation captured ex situ. For the vast majority of plant species for which we have no genetic information, these data are invaluable to conservation, guiding preservation of genetic variation needed to maintain evolutionary potential within collections. Article impact statement: Sampling using environmental and geographic information increases potential adaptive and functional genetic variation conserved in collections. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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使用环境和地理数据优化异地收集并保持进化潜力

通过种子库和植物园维护生物多样性，在这些地方，物种的大量遗传变异可以在异地保存，是保护的一个主要目标。然而，在优化非原生境收集方面的挑战可能会持续存在，其中在费用、努力和保护物种进化潜力之间存在权衡，尤其是在遗传数据不可用的情况下。在此背景下，我们评估了使用地理（按距离隔离，IBD）和/或环境（按环境隔离，IBE）距离指导种群保存的遗传后果，用于可获取种群来源的异地收集。我们使用来自 15 个植物物种的 19 个遗传和基因组数据集来 (i) 评估由地理、环境或这两个因素解释的种群遗传分化的比例，(ii) 使用成对的地理距离、环境距离或两者来模拟异地收集，优先考虑源种群。具体来说，我们测试了基于这些距离的优先抽样可能对捕获中性、功能性或假定的适应性遗传多样性和分化的影响。单独地，仅 IBD 和 IBE 就可以解释所有三个遗传标记类别的有限种群遗传差异（IBD：10%-16%，IBE：1%-5.5%）。然而，它们一起解释了功能（45%）和适应性（71%）变异的相当大比例的种群遗传差异。与这些结果一致，模拟的异地收集显示，IBD 和/或 IBE 的包含增加了种群中捕获的等位基因多样性和遗传分化，特别是对于可能对适应很重要的基因座。因此，使用环境和/或地理距离数据优先收集种群可以优化非原位捕获的遗传变异。对于我们没有遗传信息的绝大多数植物物种，这些数据对于保护来说是非常宝贵的，可以指导保持收集内进化潜力所需的遗传变异的保存。文章影响声明：使用环境和地理信息进行采样增加了藏品中保存的潜在适应性和功能性遗传变异。本文受版权保护。版权所有。对于我们没有遗传信息的绝大多数植物物种，这些数据对于保护来说是非常宝贵的，可以指导保持收集内进化潜力所需的遗传变异的保存。文章影响声明：使用环境和地理信息进行采样增加了藏品中保存的潜在适应性和功能性遗传变异。本文受版权保护。版权所有。对于我们没有遗传信息的绝大多数植物物种，这些数据对于保护来说是非常宝贵的，可以指导保持收集内进化潜力所需的遗传变异的保存。文章影响声明：使用环境和地理信息进行采样增加了藏品中保存的潜在适应性和功能性遗传变异。本文受版权保护。版权所有。