Theoretical and Applied Climatology ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-10 , DOI: 10.1007/s00704-020-03258-5 Katiana Constantinidou , Panos Hadjinicolaou , George Zittis , Jos Lelieveld
The effects of different land surface scheme (LSS) implementations on the simulated climate of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have been investigated with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional model. Six simulations were carried out using four different LSSs (Noah, NoahMP, CLM, RUC) for the period 2000–2010, driven by ERA-Interim meteorological reanalyses at a horizontal resolution of 50 km. Deviations of key surface climate variables, radiation, and turbulent fluxes from the different LSS runs are presented relative to the default Noah scheme. The simulated annual mean climate variables in the MENA (indicating uncertainty) range from 0.7 to 2.4 ∘C for air temperature, 2.0 to 3.4 ∘C for land temperature, and 5 to 25 mm/month (54–65%) for precipitation. The Noah scheme deviates less than − 1 W/m2 from the domain-wide surface energy balance and the NoahMP less than − 2 W/m2, while for CLM and RUC the deviation is 3–4 W/m2. Considering the differences among the surface energy balance from the various LSSs compared to the reference Noah, a surface climate response is calculated, and average LSS-induced climate sensitivity is derived for the air (and land) temperature of 0.1 ∘C per W/m2 and − 6 mm per W/m2 for precipitation. The LSS-induced range in the modelled climate is of similar magnitude to the climate change projection estimates for the region, which highlights the importance of carefully selecting a land surface scheme in the regional climate simulations.
中文翻译:
WRF模型中与不同地表方案有关的中东和北非地区模拟气候的敏感性
已使用天气研究与预报(WRF)区域模型研究了不同的陆地表面方案(LSS)实施对中东和北非(MENA)模拟气候的影响。在ERA-临时气象再分析的驱动下,采用50 km的水平分辨率,在2000-2010年期间使用四种不同的LSS(Noah,NoahMP,CLM,RUC)进行了六次模拟。相对于默认的Noah方案,给出了来自不同LSS运行的关键表面气候变量,辐射和湍流的偏差。MENA中模拟的年平均气候变量(指示不确定性)的范围是:气温为0.7至2.4∘C,温度为2.0至3.4∘C表示陆地温度,5到25毫米/月(54–65%)用于降水。诺亚方案偏差小于- 1 W /米2从域范围的表面能量平衡和NoahMP小于- 2 W /米2,而对于CLM和RUC偏差3-4瓦/米2。考虑到与参考Noah相比,各种LSS的表面能平衡之间的差异,计算了表面气候响应,并得出了空气(和陆地)温度为0.1∘C / W / m时,由LSS引起的平均气候敏感性。每W / m 2为2和− 6 mm沉淀 LSS诱发的模拟气候范围与该地区的气候变化预测估计值相似,这凸显了在区域气候模拟中谨慎选择地表方案的重要性。