Globally, norovirus is the most common gastroenteritis causing pathogen. Annually, norovirus causes 685 million cases of acute gastroenteritis and 200,000 deaths, worldwide. Recent evidence has suggested that norovirus can also be spread via aerosolization; however, an indoor generation source has yet to be determined. We optimized a sampling method for the collection of aerosolized norovirus using murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate. Optimization of the sampling method was performed using two bioaerosol samplers (SKC BioSampler and the NIOSH Bioaerosol Cyclone Sampler 251) and two sampling media (Hanks Balanced Salt Solution [HBSS] and Phosphate Buffered Saline [PBS]). Murine norovirus was aerosolized in a bioaerosol chamber and later collected using each sampler/media combination. Collected MNV was quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Intact capsids of MNV were assessed using propidium monoazide dye in combination with qPCR and confirmed with transmission electron microscopy. Ten trials were conducted, with each trial lasting for 30 min. The SKC BioSampler collected a significantly higher concentration of MNV than the NIOSH-251 sampler did (p-value < 0.0001). However, there were no significant differences in the relative percent of MNV that remained viable between both samplers (p-value = 0.2215). The use of HBSS sampling media yielded a higher concentration of MNV than PBS media (p-value = 0.0125). However, PBS media maintained viability at a significantly higher percentage than HBSS media (p-value < 0.0001). The results support the optimization of a sampling method for the collection of aerosolized MNV and possibly norovirus in different sampling environments.

中文翻译：

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雾化鼠诺如病毒采集方法的优化。

在全球范围内，诺如病毒是最常见的引起胃肠炎的病原体。每年，诺如病毒在全世界造成 6.85 亿例急性胃肠炎和 200,000 例死亡。最近的证据表明，诺如病毒也可以通过雾化传播；然而，室内发电来源尚未确定。我们优化了使用鼠诺如病毒 (MNV) 作为替代物收集雾化诺如病毒的采样方法。使用两个生物气溶胶采样器（SKC BioSampler 和 NIOSH Bioaerosol Cyclone Sampler 251）和两种采样介质（汉克斯平衡盐溶液 [HBSS] 和磷酸盐缓冲盐水 [PBS]）对采样方法进行了优化。鼠诺如病毒在生物气溶胶室中雾化，然后使用每个采样器/介质组合进行收集。使用定量聚合酶链式反应 (qPCR) 对收集的 MNV 进行量化。使用单叠氮丙啶染料结合 qPCR 评估 MNV 的完整衣壳，并通过透射电子显微镜确认。进行了十次试验，每次试验持续 30 分钟。SKC BioSampler 收集的 MNV 浓度明显高于 NIOSH-251 采样器（p值 < 0.0001)。然而，两个采样器之间保持存活的 MNV 的相对百分比没有显着差异（p值 = 0.2215）。使用 HBSS 采样培养基产生的 MNV 浓度高于 PBS 培养基（p值 = 0.0125）。然而，PBS 培养基保持活力的百分比明显高于 HBSS 培养基（p值 < 0.0001）。结果支持优化在不同采样环境中收集雾化 MNV 和可能的诺如病毒的采样方法。