Given the unexpected nature of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, a specific cohort of children were exogenously exposed to increased maternal psychological stress in utero. Rich administrative data and the precise timing of the event allow this study to uniquely provide insights into the health effects of exposure to maternal psychological stress across gestation. Results suggest that children exposed in utero were born significantly smaller and earlier than previous cohorts. The timing of the effect provides evidence that intrauterine growth is specifically restricted by first trimester exposure to stress; reductions in gestational age and increases in the likelihood of being born at low (<2,500 grams) or very low (<1,500 grams) birth weight are induced by increased maternal psychological stress mid-pregnancy. This study also documents a positively selected post-attack fertility response, which would bias an evaluation that includes cohorts conceived after September 11, 2001, in the control group.

中文翻译：

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恐怖的代际影响：9/11 悲剧是否影响了下一代的初始人力资本？

鉴于 2001 年 9 月 11 日恐怖袭击的意外性质，一组特定的儿童在子宫内受到外源性增加的母亲心理压力。丰富的行政数据和准确的事件发生时间使这项研究能够独特地洞察孕期暴露于母亲心理压力对健康的影响。结果表明，与之前的队列相比，在子宫内暴露的儿童出生时明显更小且更早。影响的时间提供了证据表明宫内生长特别受到孕早期暴露于压力的限制；减少胎龄并增加低（< 2,500 克）或非常低（<1,500 克）出生体重是由孕中期增加的产妇心理压力引起的。该研究还记录了一个积极选择的攻击后生育反应，这将使包括 2001 年 9 月 11 日之后受孕的对照组的评估产生偏差。