Hydrogels are classic examples of biomaterials that have found its niche in biomedical and allied fields. Here, we describe examples of peptide-based and protein-based hydrogels with a focus on smart gels that respond to various stimuli including temperature, pH, light, and ionic strength. With the recent advancements in computational modeling, it has been possible to predict as well as design peptide and protein sequences that can assemble into hydrogels with unique and improved properties. We briefly discuss coarse grained and atomistic simulations in designing peptides that can form hydrogels. In addition, we highlight the trends that will influence the future design and applications of hydrogels, with emphasis on bioadhesion, exosomes delivery, tissue and organoids engineering, and even intracellular production of gels.

中文翻译：

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基于肽和蛋白质的水凝胶的最新趋势。

水凝胶是生物材料的经典例子，已在生物医学和相关领域找到了自己的位置。在这里，我们描述了基于肽和基于蛋白质的水凝胶的例子，重点是对各种刺激做出反应的智能凝胶，包括温度、pH、光和离子强度。随着计算建模的最新进展，可以预测和设计可以组装成具有独特和改进特性的水凝胶的肽和蛋白质序列。我们简要讨论了设计可形成水凝胶的肽时的粗粒度和原子模拟。此外，我们强调了将影响水凝胶未来设计和应用的趋势，重点是生物粘附、外泌体递送、组织和类器官工程，甚至凝胶的细胞内生产。