Cardiac fibrosis describes the inappropriate proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), leading to accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the cardiac muscle, which is found in many pathophysiological heart conditions. A range of molecular components and cellular pathways, have been implicated in its pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on the TGF-β and WNT signaling pathways, and their mutual interaction, which have emerged as important factors involved in cardiac pathophysiology. The molecular and cellular processes involved in the initiation and progression of cardiac fibrosis are summarized. We focus on TGF-β and WNT signaling in cardiac fibrosis, ECM production, and myofibroblast transformation. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are one of the main players in the regulation of multiple pathways and cellular processes. MicroRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular long non-coding RNAs can all interact with the TGF-β/WNT signaling axis to affect cardiac fibrosis. A better understanding of these processes may lead to new approaches for diagnosis and treatment of many cardiac conditions.

中文翻译：

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心脏纤维化中的 TGF-β 和 WNT 信号通路：非编码 RNA 成为焦点。

心脏纤维化描述了心脏成纤维细胞 (CF) 的不适当增殖，导致心肌中细胞外基质 (ECM) 蛋白的积累，这在许多病理生理性心脏病中都有发现。一系列分子成分和细胞通路都与它的发病机制有关。在这篇综述中，我们关注 TGF-β 和 WNT 信号通路及其相互作用，它们已成为参与心脏病理生理学的重要因素。总结了参与心脏纤维化发生和进展的分子和细胞过程。我们专注于心脏纤维化、ECM 产生和肌成纤维细胞转化中的 TGF-β 和 WNT 信号传导。非编码 RNA (ncRNA) 是调节多种途径和细胞过程的主要参与者之一。微RNA，长链非编码 RNA 和环状长链非编码 RNA 都可以与 TGF-β/WNT 信号轴相互作用，从而影响心脏纤维化。更好地了解这些过程可能会导致诊断和治疗许多心脏病的新方法。