Early environment can have a major impact on development, with family life known to play an important role. Longitudinal studies can therefore help increase our understanding of variance in cognitive abilities in young animals, as well as over time. We followed 22 marmosets (11 male and 11 female) from infancy through to early adolescence. At 3 months old, the marmosets were trained to reliably touch a rewarded stimulus. At 5 months, behavior was observed within the natal group. At 9 months, the marmosets were given a visual discrimination task to assess learning ability. Mann–Whitney U tests found no sex or family size differences in number of errors at 3 or 9 months. While no significant relationships were found between behavior in the family and learning at 3 months, significant negative correlations were found between duration spent in locomotion and learning errors (p  = .05), as well as between frequency of calm vocalizations and learning errors (p  = .001) at 9 months. A U‐shape curve was found between amount of social play and learning at 9 months. Positive family interactions, including moderate amounts of play, as well as calm individual behavior, may therefore be important in learning. This study sheds light on cognitive development in much younger marmosets than previously studied, and helps increase understanding of how individual differences in learning may arise.

中文翻译：

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普通狨猴（Callithrix jacchus）的早期学习：家庭群体的行为与青春期前的认知表现有关。

早期环境会对发展产生重大影响，其中家庭生活发挥着重要作用。因此，纵向研究可以帮助我们更好地了解幼年动物以及随着时间的推移认知能力的变化。我们追踪了 22 只狨猴（11 只雄性和 11 只雌性）从婴儿期到青春期早期的情况。三个月大时，狨猴接受训练，能够可靠地触摸奖励刺激。5 个月时，观察出生组内的行为。9个月大时，狨猴接受了视觉辨别任务以评估学习能力。曼-惠特尼U测试发现 3 个月或 9 个月时的错误数量没有性别或家庭规模差异。虽然家庭行为与 3 个月学习之间没有发现显着关系，但在运动持续时间与学习错误之间发现显着负相关 ( p  = .05)，以及平静发声频率与学习错误之间存在显着负相关 ( p  = .001) 9 个月时。在 9 个月时的社交游戏量和学习量之间发现了 AU 形曲线。因此，积极的家庭互动，包括适量的游戏以及冷静的个人行为，可能对学习很重要。这项研究揭示了比以前研究的更年轻的狨猴的认知发展，并有助于加深对学习中个体差异如何产生的理解。