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Non-carnivorous feeding in Arctic chaetognaths
Progress in Oceanography ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102388
Jordan J. Grigor , Moritz S. Schmid , Marianne Caouette , Vicky St.-Onge , Thomas A. Brown , Roxane-M. Barthélémy

Abstract Chaetognaths (arrow worms) are important components of zooplankton communities in terms of abundance, biomass and contribution to carbon export. Though traditionally considered strict carnivores, recent studies have identified “omnivorous” chaetognaths. These may feed on non-animal materials, including algae, detritus or sediments. The feeding strategies of the Arctic species Eukrohnia hamata and Parasagitta elegans are particularly interesting given differences in their vertical distributions, and the strong seasonality (peaks and troughs) in the abundance of expected prey items, such as copepods. We analyse the feeding history of these chaetognaths in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, and Baffin Bay, using gut contents (types and colours) as short-term signals (days), and biochemistry (stable isotope, lipid and fatty acid composition) as signals integrated over the longer-term (weeks to months), to investigate seasonality in diets and determine the extent to which animal and non-animal matter are consumed. Between November 2007 and July 2008 in the Beaufort Sea, green detritus and oil droplets were abundant in the guts of only E. hamata and were found to contain evidence of diatoms. Weak differences in apparent predation rates and prey items for the two species, but high amounts of green detritus and silica in E. hamata guts point towards direct ingestion of diatoms and marine snow at both epi- and meso-pelagic depths, and can explain δ15N and δ13C-contents that may predict omnivory in the Chukchi Sea and Baffin Bay (fall 2014). Dietary signals in P. elegans predict that this species has a reduced dependence on diatom source pathways relative to E. hamata, for instance a relative absence in green material in guts, and a lower 16:1 (n − 7) concentration. Whilst nitrogen isotopes and fatty acid biomarkers suggested a more carnivorous diet, they also suggest that Calanus copepods are less important to its diet than other types of zooplankters. We suggest that E. hamata (whether pelagic or hyper-benthic) likely receives a substantial energy input from algae and detritus and is thus not a strict carnivore. Our data provide the stimulus for continued focus on these organisms and the important role they play in carbon flux as we try to better understand carbon cycling in a changing Arctic Ocean.

中文翻译:

北极毛颚动物的非食肉性摄食

摘要 Chaetognaths(箭虫)是浮游动物群落的重要组成部分,在丰度、生物量和碳输出贡献方面。尽管传统上被认为是严格的食肉动物,但最近的研究已经确定了“杂食性”毛颚动物。它们可能以非动物材料为食,包括藻类、碎屑或沉积物。鉴于北极物种 Eukrohnia hamata 和 Parasagitta elegans 的摄食策略特别有趣,因为它们的垂直分布存在差异,并且预期猎物(例如桡足类)的丰度具有很强的季节性(高峰和低谷)。我们使用肠道内容物(类型和颜色)作为短期信号(天)和生物化学(稳定同位素、脂质和脂肪酸组成)作为长期(数周至数月)整合的信号,以调查饮食的季节性并确定消耗动物和非动物物质的程度。在 2007 年 11 月至 2008 年 7 月期间,在波弗特海,只有 E. hamata 的内脏中富含绿色碎屑和油滴,并且发现含有硅藻的证据。这两种物种在表观捕食率和猎物方面的差异很小,但 E. hamata 内脏中的大量绿色碎屑和二氧化硅表明在远洋和中远洋深度直接摄入硅藻和海雪,并且可以解释 δ15N和 δ13C 含量可以预测楚科奇海和巴芬湾的杂食性(2014 年秋季)。P中的饮食信号。elegans 预测,相对于 E. hamata,该物种对硅藻来源途径的依赖性降低,例如肠道中绿色物质的相对缺失,以及较低的 16:1 (n − 7) 浓度。虽然氮同位素和脂肪酸生物标志物表明其食肉性更强,但它们也表明,与其他类型的浮游动物相比,桡足类动物对其饮食的重要性较低。我们认为 E. hamata(无论是远洋的还是超底栖的)可能从藻类和碎屑中获得大量能量输入,因此不是严格的食肉动物。我们的数据为继续关注这些生物及其在碳通量中发挥的重要作用提供了动力,因为我们试图更好地了解不断变化的北冰洋中的碳循环。1 (n − 7) 浓度。虽然氮同位素和脂肪酸生物标志物表明其食肉性更强,但它们也表明,与其他类型的浮游动物相比,桡足类动物对其饮食的重要性较低。我们认为 E. hamata(无论是远洋的还是超底栖的)可能从藻类和碎屑中获得大量能量输入,因此不是严格的食肉动物。我们的数据为继续关注这些生物及其在碳通量中发挥的重要作用提供了动力,因为我们试图更好地了解不断变化的北冰洋中的碳循环。1 (n − 7) 浓度。虽然氮同位素和脂肪酸生物标志物表明其食肉性更强,但它们也表明,与其他类型的浮游动物相比,桡足类动物对其饮食的重要性较低。我们认为 E. hamata(无论是远洋的还是超底栖的)可能从藻类和碎屑中获得大量能量输入,因此不是严格的食肉动物。我们的数据为继续关注这些生物及其在碳通量中发挥的重要作用提供了动力,因为我们试图更好地了解不断变化的北冰洋中的碳循环。hamata(无论是远洋的还是超底栖的)可能从藻类和碎屑中获得大量能量输入,因此不是严格的食肉动物。我们的数据为继续关注这些生物及其在碳通量中发挥的重要作用提供了动力,因为我们试图更好地了解不断变化的北冰洋中的碳循环。hamata(无论是远洋的还是超底栖的)可能从藻类和碎屑中获得大量能量输入,因此不是严格的食肉动物。我们的数据为继续关注这些生物及其在碳通量中发挥的重要作用提供了动力,因为我们试图更好地了解不断变化的北冰洋中的碳循环。
更新日期:2020-07-01
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