Groundwater qualities in Nashik District of Maharashtra were analyzed using hydro-geochemical characterization and geospatial techniques for sixty-one ( n = 61) representative samples. GIS-based WQI was computed for planning and monitoring the groundwater qualities in the study region. Piper trilinear and Gibbs diagram were plotted to determine the variation in hydro-geochemical facies and to understand the functional sources of chemical constituents. The analytical results cleared that the nature of the groundwater is highly alkaline. Majority of the samples were within the desirable and maximum permissible limits as decided by Bureau of Indian Standards for each parameter. Piper diagram shows about 39.34% samples belong to Ca 2+ –Mg 2+ –Cl − – $${\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - }$$ SO 4 2 - type, signifying permanent hardness and 57.37% samples belong to Ca 2+ –Mg 2+ – $${\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ HCO 3 - type suggesting temporary hardness. Only 3.25% samples fall under Na + –K + –Cl − – $${\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - }$$ SO 4 2 - type. Alkaline earth exceeds alkalis in 96.72% samples of the groundwater. The WQI suggests that 59% sites have excellent and good quality water; and about 41% sites characterized by poor quality water, which are unsuitable for drinking purposes. WQI values for TDS, TH, Ca 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , Cl − , K + , $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ NO 3 - and $${\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - }$$ SO 4 2 - are more than the permissible limits. Hierarchical cluster analysis corroborates the spatial analysis results of WQI and proved statistically. The present investigation indicates significant dominance of agriculture and rock weathering that influence the groundwater chemistry in Nashik district.

中文翻译：

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印度马哈拉施特拉邦纳西克区饮用水和农业用水的水化学特征和地理空间分析

使用水文地球化学表征和地理空间技术对 61 个 (n = 61) 代表性样本分析了马哈拉施特拉邦 Nashik 区的地下水质量。计算基于 GIS 的 WQI 用于规划和监测研究区域的地下水质量。绘制派珀三线图和吉布斯图以确定水文地球化学相的变化并了解化学成分的功能来源。分析结果表明，地下水的性质是强碱性的。大多数样品都在印度标准局为每个参数确定的理想和最大允许范围内。Piper 图显示大约 39.34% 的样品属于 Ca 2+ –Mg 2+ –Cl − – $${\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - }$$ SO 4 2 - 类型，表示永久硬度和57. 37% 的样品属于 Ca 2+ –Mg 2+ – $${\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ HCO 3 - 表明暂时硬度的类型。只有 3.25% 的样本属于 Na + –K + –Cl − – $${\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - }$$ SO 4 2 - 类型。96.72% 的地下水样品中碱土超过碱。WQI 表明 59% 的站点拥有优质优质的水；约 41% 的地点水质较差，不适合饮用。TDS、TH、Ca 2+ 、Na + 、Mg 2+ 、Cl - 、K + 、$${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ NO 3 - 和 $${ 的 WQI 值\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - }$$ SO 4 2 - 超过了允许的限度。层次聚类分析证实了 WQI 的空间分析结果并进行了统计证明。