Intra-annual wood density fluctuations are valuable indicators of the role of the local climate and provenance origins on tree growth. These intra-ring wood features were the most informative about local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity ofPinus halepensisMill. in a provenance trial. This highlights the importance of taking provenance into account when selecting forest reproductive material to mitigate the effects of climate change. It is essential to disentangle the influence of climate from the effect of provenance on inter- and intra-annual wood traits to identify populations’ responses to climate changes. This will be even more relevant in the drought-prone Mediterranean region, where species have high genetic differentiation among populations. We investigated the effects of provenance and climate driving Pinus halepensis Mill. wood traits, as imprinted phenotypic adaptations to the Mediterranean climate. Inter- and intra-annual wood trait variation (ring-, early-, and latewood width, wood density) was studied by microdensitometry in 8 provenances from Spain, France, Greece, and Italy in a common-garden experiment. We related wood traits and density fluctuations with inter-annual climate variations at the trial site and the provenance origin. Provenances showed distinct responses to climate regarding tree growth, wood density, and intra-annual fluctuations. Density fluctuations in latewood were more frequent than in earlywood. Climate at the provenance origin was a more important force for density fluctuations than climatic variations at the planting site, with different trends between coastal and inland provenances, and higher frequency of latewood fluctuations in provenances from arid and semiarid sites. Differences in P. halepensis wood density fluctuations confirmed the imprinted origin provenance control in response to climate variations and indicated a relation with local adaptation of these xylem anatomical features. Moreover, the position of these fluctuations in rings reflected the high plasticity of P. halepensis to cope with high intra-seasonal variability of climatic conditions. This underlines the importance of considering tree-ring features for the selection of provenances in reforestation material for conservation and silvicultural programs.

中文翻译：

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Pinus halepensis Mill 的木材特性、产地或气候哪个更重要？

年度内木材密度波动是当地气候和原产地对树木生长作用的重要指标。这些环内木材特征是关于黑松松的局部适应性和表型可塑性的最重要信息。在出处试验中。这凸显了在选择森林繁殖材料以减轻气候变化影响时考虑来源的重要性。必须将气候的影响与来源对年际和年内木材特性的影响区分开来，以确定种群对气候变化的反应。这在容易干旱的地中海地区更为重要，那里的物种在种群之间具有高度的遗传差异。我们调查了原产地和气候对黑松磨坊的影响。木材特性，作为对地中海气候的印记表型适应性。在一个普通花园实验中，通过显微密度测定法研究了来自西班牙、法国、希腊和意大利的 8 个来源的年际和年内木材性状变化（年轮、早材和晚材宽度、木材密度）。我们将木材特性和密度波动与试验地点的年际气候变化和来源联系起来。出处对气候的树木生长、木材密度和年内波动表现出不同的反应。晚材的密度波动比早材更频繁。种源地的气候是密度波动的一个更重要的力量，而不是种植地的气候变化，沿海和内陆种源之间的趋势不同，干旱和半干旱地区的产地晚材波动频率更高。P. halepensis 木材密度波动的差异证实了响应气候变化的印记原产地控制，并表明与这些木质部解剖特征的局部适应有关。此外，这些环波动的位置反映了 P. halepensis 的高可塑性，以应对气候条件的高季节性变化。这强调了考虑树木年轮特征的重要性，以便为保护和造林计划重新造林材料选择来源。halepensis 木材密度波动证实了对气候变化的印记起源控制，并表明与这些木质部解剖特征的局部适应有关。此外，这些环波动的位置反映了 P. halepensis 的高可塑性，以应对气候条件的高季节性变化。这强调了考虑树木年轮特征的重要性，以便为保护和造林计划重新造林材料选择来源。halepensis 木材密度波动证实了对气候变化的印记起源控制，并表明与这些木质部解剖特征的局部适应有关。此外，这些环波动的位置反映了 P. halepensis 的高可塑性，以应对气候条件的高季节性变化。这强调了考虑树木年轮特征的重要性，以便为保护和造林计划重新造林材料选择来源。