The translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein is a multistep process by which genetic information transcribed into an mRNA is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide chain of amino acids. Ribosomes play a central role in translation by coordinately working with various translation regulatory factors and aminoacyl-transfer RNAs. Various stresses attenuate the ribosomal synthesis in the nucleolus as well as the translation rate in the cytosol. To efficiently reallocate cellular energy and resources, mammalian cells are endowed with mechanisms that directly link the suppression of translation-related processes to the activation of stress adaptation programmes. This review focuses on the integrated stress response (ISR) and the nucleolar stress response (NSR) both of which are activated by various stressors and selectively upregulate stress-responsive transcription factors. Emerging findings have delineated the detailed molecular mechanisms of the ISR and NSR and expanded their physiological and pathological significances.

中文翻译：

---

翻译控制与压力反应的耦合。

信使RNA（mRNA）到蛋白质的翻译是一个多步骤过程，通过该过程可以将转录为mRNA的遗传信息解码以产生特定的氨基酸多肽链。核糖体通过与各种翻译调节因子和氨酰基转移RNA协同工作，在翻译中发挥核心作用。各种应力减弱了核仁中核糖体的合成以及细胞质中的翻译速率。为了有效地重新分配细胞能量和资源，哺乳动物细胞具有直接将抑制翻译相关过程与激活应激适应程序联系起来的机制。这篇综述着重于综合应激反应（ISR）和核仁应激反应（NSR），两者均被各种应激源激活并选择性上调应激反应转录因子。新兴的发现描述了ISR和NSR的详细分子机制，并扩大了它们的生理和病理学意义。