Cells of multicellular organisms have diverse characteristics despite having the same genetic identity. The distinctive phenotype of each cell is determined by molecular mechanisms such as epigenetic changes that occur throughout the lifetime of an individual. Recently, technologies that enable modification of the fate of somatic cells have been developed, and the number of studies using these technologies has increased drastically in the last decade. Various cell types, including neuronal cells, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes, have been generated using these technologies. Although most direct reprogramming methods employ forced transduction of a defined sets of transcription factors to reprogram cells in a manner similar to induced pluripotent cell technology, many other strategies, such as methods utilizing chemical compounds and microRNAs to change the fate of somatic cells, have also been developed. In this review, we summarize transcription factor-based reprogramming and various other reprogramming methods. Additionally, we describe the various industrial applications of direct reprogramming technologies.

中文翻译：

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体细胞的直接细胞命运转化：向再生医学和工业发展。

尽管具有相同的遗传特性，但多细胞生物的细胞仍具有多种特征。每个细胞的独特表型由分子机制决定，例如在个体的整个生命周期中发生的表观遗传变化。近来，已经开发出能够改变体细胞命运的技术，并且在过去的十年中，使用这些技术的研究数量急剧增加。使用这些技术已经产生了各种细胞类型，包括神经元细胞，心肌细胞和肝细胞。尽管大多数直接重编程方法都采用强制转导定义的转录因子集来以类似于诱导多能细胞技术的方式对细胞进行重编程，但许多其他策略，还开发了诸如利用化学化合物和微小RNA改变体细胞命运的方法。在这篇综述中，我们总结了基于转录因子的重编程和各种其他重编程方法。此外，我们描述了直接重编程技术的各种工业应用。