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Fire and climate change: conserving seasonally dry forests is still possible
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment ( IF 10.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-08 , DOI: 10.1002/fee.2218
Scott L Stephens 1 , A LeRoy Westerling 2 , Matthew D Hurteau 3 , M Zachariah Peery 4 , Courtney A Schultz 5 , Sally Thompson 6, 7
Affiliation  

F millennia, most western US forests were maintained by fire, with flora and fauna dependent on lowand moderateseverity fire until Native American burning was largely terminated and EuroAmerican fire exclusion and suppression began in the late 19th century. Increases in small, shadetolerant trees and a buildup of fuels as a result of fire exclusion, coupled with the loss of larger, more fireresistant trees from selective logging (Collins et al. 2017), have produced fire regimes in seasonally dry forests that are now characterized by a greater proportion of continuous highseverity fire (Singleton et al. 2019). Ongoing climate change and droughtinduced mortality of trees previously damaged by bark beetles can influence the occurrence and severity of fire, and are likely to do so even more as areas become warmer and drier (Stephens et al. 2018; Westerling 2018). California exemplifies the interaction between land use and climate change, as increases of 77% (Figure 1) and 178% in annual area burned and maximum area burned, respectively, are projected for the state by the late 21st century under high global greenhousegas (GHG) emissions pathways (Westerling 2018). Across the state, the frequency of extreme wildfire events is also expected to increase, with fires greater than 10,000 ha occurring nearly 50% more often. Likewise, as for fire intensity, forecasts under projected climate with current high fuel loads in the Sierra Nevada indicate that 40% of the burned area will be attributable to highseverity fire (Westerling 2018). Given that seasonally dry forests in the US are predicted to experience increases in severe wildfires, it is essential for resource managers to consider sensible, evidencebased strategies to improve forest ecosystem resilience. Promisingly, we believe that conventional treatments like fire use and restoration thinning – instead of counteracting other environmental objectives – will provide numerous cobenefits, including enhanced biodiversity, increased water availability, greater longterm and more sustainable carbon (C) storage, improved forest resilience and adaptation to climate change, and reduced air pollution. Achieving these cobenefits will require designing prescribed fire and restoration thinning treatments to better mimic historical conditions (Collins et al. 2017), given that many contemporary treatments do not enhance forest resilience, especially at landscape scales (Fulé et al. 2006; Lydersen et al. 2019). In contrast to many prescribed fires and restoraFire and climate change: conserving seasonally dry forests is still possible

中文翻译:

火灾和气候变化:保护季节性干燥的森林仍然是可能的

几千年来,美国西部的大部分森林都是靠火维持的,动植物群依赖于低度和中度烈度的火灾,直到美洲原住民的燃烧基本上被终止,并且在 19 世纪后期开始排除和抑制欧美火灾。由于排除火灾,小型耐荫树木的增加和燃料的积累,加上选择性伐木导致更大、更耐火的树木的损失(柯林斯等人,2017 年),已经在季节性干燥的森林中产生了火灾状况,现在其特点是持续的高危火灾比例更大(Singleton 等人,2019 年)。之前被树皮甲虫破坏的树木的持续气候变化和干旱导致的死亡会影响火灾的发生和严重程度,并且随着地区变得更加温暖和干燥,这种影响可能会更大(Stephens 等人,2018 年;韦斯特林 2018)。加利福尼亚州体现了土地利用和气候变化之间的相互作用,预计到 21 世纪后期,在高全球温室气体 (GHG) 情况下,该州的年燃烧面积和最大燃烧面积分别增加 77%(图 1)和 178% ) 排放路径(Westerling 2018)。在全州范围内,极端野火事件的频率预计也会增加,超过 10,000 公顷的火灾发生的频率增加了近 50%。同样,至于火灾强度,在内华达山脉当前高燃料负荷的预测气候下的预测表明,40% 的燃烧区域将归因于高强度火灾(Westerling 2018)。鉴于预计美国季节性干燥的森林将经历严重野火的增加,资源管理者必须考虑明智的,提高森林生态系统复原力的循证战略。有希望的是,我们相信火灾使用和恢复间伐等传统处理方法 - 而不是抵消其他环境目标 - 将提供许多协同效益,包括增强生物多样性、增加可用水量、更长期和更可持续的碳 (C) 储存、提高森林恢复力和适应能力气候变化,减少空气污染。实现这些协同效益将需要设计规定的火灾和恢复间伐处理,以更好地模拟历史条件(Collins 等人,2017 年),因为许多当代处理方式并不能增强森林的恢复力,尤其是在景观尺度上(Fulé 等人,2006 年;Lydersen 等人) . 2019)。与许多规定的火灾和恢复火灾和气候变化相反:
更新日期:2020-06-08
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