Liver metastases from gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal malignancies remain a major cause of cancer-related mortality and a major clinical challenge. The liver has unique properties that facilitate metastatic expansion, including a complex immune system that evolved to dampen immunity to neoantigens entering the liver from the gut, through the portal circulation. In this review, we describe the unique microenvironment encountered by cancer cells in the liver, focusing on elements of the innate and adaptive immune response that can act as a double-edge sword, contributing to the elimination of cancer cells on the one hand and promoting their survival and growth, on the other. We discuss this microenvironment in a clinical context, particularly for colorectal carcinoma, and highlight how a better understanding of the role of the microenvironment has spurred an intense effort to develop novel and innovative strategies for targeting liver metastatic disease, some of which are currently being tested in the clinic.

胃肠道和非胃肠道恶性肿瘤的肝转移仍然是癌症相关死亡的主要原因和主要的临床挑战。肝脏具有促进转移性扩张的独特特性，包括一个复杂的免疫系统，该系统进化为抑制对通过门静脉循环从肠道进入肝脏的新抗原的免疫力。在这篇综述中，我们描述了癌细胞在肝脏中遇到的独特微环境，重点介绍了可以充当双刃剑的先天性和适应性免疫反应的元素，一方面有助于消除癌细胞并促进另一方面，他们的生存和成长。我们在临床背景下讨论这种微环境，特别是对于结直肠癌，