Background: Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types and abundantly present in body fluids, including blood, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and breast milk. Exosomes can spread toxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau between cells, contributing to neuronal loss in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: To explore changes in the morphology, number, and pathological protein levels of urinary exosomes in AD patients compared with age-matched healthy subjects. Methods: In this study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of Aβ1–42 and P-S396-tau (normalized by CD63) in urinary exosomes of AD patients and matched healthy subjects. We used transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis to observe the exosomes. Results: We found that the levels of Aβ1–42 and P-S396-tau in the urinary exosomes of AD patients were higher than those of matched healthy controls. Exosomes taken from AD patients were more numerous. Conclusion: The differences in levels of Aβ1–42 and P-S396-tau and the quantity of urinary exosomes between AD patients and healthy controls may provide a basis for early diagnosis of AD.

中文翻译：

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阿尔茨海默病中泌尿外泌体的初步研究

背景：外泌体是由大多数细胞类型分泌的纳米级细胞外囊泡，大量存在于体液中，包括血液、唾液、尿液、脑脊液和母乳。外泌体可以在细胞之间传播有毒的淀粉样蛋白-β (Aβ) 和过度磷酸化的 tau，导致阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 中的神经元丢失。目的：探讨与年龄匹配的健康受试者相比，AD患者尿外泌体的形态、数量和病理蛋白水平的变化。方法：在本研究中，酶联免疫吸附试验用于检测 AD 患者和匹配的健康受试者尿外泌体中 Aβ1-42 和 P-S396-tau（通过 CD63 标准化）的水平。我们使用透射电子显微镜和纳米粒子追踪分析来观察外泌体。结果：我们发现 AD 患者尿液外泌体中 Aβ1-42 和 P-S396-tau 的水平高于匹配的健康对照。从 AD 患者身上提取的外泌体数量更多。结论：AD患者与健康对照组Aβ1-42、P-S396-tau水平及尿外泌体数量的差异可能为AD的早期诊断提供依据。