Abstract Evolutionary and transgenerational processes affect offspring trait expression. We examined the influence of local adaptations, maternal environment, maternal traits, and changes in seedling environment on progeny performance of Baccharis halimifolia under different salinity and light levels. Over 34,500 seeds from 72 mother plants from 6 native, expansive, and introduced populations were sown and grown in a common garden. We monitored seed germination and seedling emergence, survival and early growth. Our results show that native saline populations had higher germination under high salinity than inland expansive populations, whereas the latter performed better in non-saline conditions. For populations within saline wetlands, offspring from maternal plants growing in saline sites generally had higher and faster germination and slower growth than seeds from subsaline areas, regardless of level of germination salinity. Progeny from high maternal light conditions performed better in the light treatment and the opposite was found in shade conditions. Maternal traits had a stronger effect on seed germination and seedling early growth when the offspring were subjected to saline environments; however, under non-saline conditions, maternal traits had greater influence on seedling survival. Generally, offspring from larger plants had increased germination and survival rates, whereas those from shrubs with larger inflorescences and/or higher flower number exhibited greater seedling survival. Lastly, seedlings constantly exposed to salinity had higher survival and growth than those transferred to saline environments 2–3 weeks after emergence. Our results suggest that local adaptations, transgenerational effects, and changes in seedling environment have profound impacts on progeny performance.

中文翻译：

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不同盐度和光照条件下局部适应性、跨代效应和后代盐碱环境变化对盐叶芽孢杆菌的影响

摘要 进化和跨代过程影响后代性状表达。我们研究了当地适应性、母本环境、母本性状和幼苗环境变化对不同盐度和光照水平下 Baccharis halimifolia 后代表现的影响。来自 6 个本地、广阔和引入种群的 72 种母本植物的 34,500 多粒种子在一个公共花园中播种和种植。我们监测了种子发芽和幼苗出苗、存活和早期生长。我们的结果表明，天然盐分种群在高盐度下比内陆扩张种群具有更高的发芽率，而后者在非盐分条件下表现更好。对于盐渍湿地内的种群，无论发芽盐度如何，在盐碱地生长的母本植物的后代通常比盐下地区的种子具有更高、更快的发芽和更慢的生长。来自母体高光照条件的后代在光照处理中表现更好，而在阴凉条件下则相反。子代受盐分环境影响时，母体性状对种子萌发和幼苗早期生长的影响较大；然而，在非盐分条件下，母本性状对幼苗存活的影响更大。一般来说，来自较大植物的后代具有更高的发芽率和存活率，而来自具有较大花序和/或更多花数的灌木的后代表现出更高的幼苗存活率。最后，出苗后 2-3 周，持续暴露于盐分的幼苗比转移到盐碱环境的幼苗存活率和生长率更高。我们的研究结果表明，局部适应性、跨代效应和幼苗环境的变化对后代的表现有深远的影响。