Abstract Recently, forward osmosis (FO) has attracted a great deal of attention in desalination and wastewater treatment. Nevertheless, there are several critical challenges such as the need for new advances in designing membranes that must be met to enhance the water flux in FO processes, control the reverse salt flux, concentration polarization and fouling. Therefore, designing a suitable membrane with a high-water flux, low reverse salt flux, low fouling, and controlled concentration polarization seems to be essential. Thin film composite (TFC) membranes are the most widely used membranes in the FO field. Extensive research has been performed to fabricate and design high performance TFC membranes which can be exclusively used in FO processes. This paper aims to review three types of TFC membranes i.e. TFC's with polyamide active layer (TFC-A), thin film nanocomposites (TFC-N) and double-skinned TFC membranes (TFC-D) in flat sheet and hollow fiber configuration. Finally, an attempt is made to generate a general performance curve based on the water flux and reverse salt flux of these three TFC FO types and the future direction of the R and D on the FO membrane are discussed.

中文翻译：

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制造薄膜复合正渗透膜的现状和挑战：综合路线图

摘要 近年来，正向渗透（FO）在海水淡化和废水处理领域引起了广泛关注。尽管如此，仍存在一些关键挑战，例如需要在设计膜方面取得新进展，以提高 FO 过程中的水通量、控制反向盐通量、浓差极化和结垢。因此，设计一种具有高水通量、低反向盐通量、低污染和受控浓差极化的合适膜似乎是必不可少的。薄膜复合（TFC）膜是FO领域应用最广泛的膜。已经进行了广泛的研究来制造和设计可专门用于 FO 工艺的高性能 TFC 膜。本文旨在回顾三种类型的 TFC 膜，即 TFC' s 具有聚酰胺活性层 (TFC-A)、薄膜纳米复合材料 (TFC-N) 和平板和中空纤维配置的双层 TFC 膜 (TFC-D)。最后，尝试根据这三种 TFC FO 类型的水通量和反向盐通量生成一般性能曲线，并讨论了 FO 膜上 R 和 D 的未来方向。