The potential of plant nutrients (such as sulphur, S) and phytohormones (such as salicylic acid, SA) has been explored in isolated studies by researchers in controlling the impact of abiotic stresses such as salinity in plants. However, information is scanty on the major mechanisms underlying the role of S and/or SA in modulation of enzymes involved in nitrogen (N) assimilation, GOGAT cycle, and antioxidant defence system; the cellular status of N-containing osmolyte proline, glucose, S-containing compounds; and their cumulative role in photosynthesis functions and growth in crop plants. The present study aimed to assess the role of cumulative effect of SA and S (SO42−) mediated induction of N assimilatory enzymes, GOGAT cycle, N-osmolyte proline and its metabolizing enzymes, glyoxylase enzymes, and antioxidant capacity in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) exposed to NaCl with or without SO42− and SA. Salt-exposed V. radiate showed differential elevations in damage (O.2−, H2O2, lipid peroxidation; glucose) and defence (ascorbate peroxidase, APX; glutathione reductase, GR; superoxide dismutase, SOD; reduced GSH; proline) and inhibitions in the activities of NR and NiR; N content, photosynthesis, photosynthetic N-use-efficiency (NUE), and growth. The separate supplementation of SA and SO42− to 50 mM NaCl almost equally strengthened the antioxidant machinery and diminished NaCl-accrued damages. However, combined supply of SA and SO42− to NaCl-exposed cultivars led to significant improvements in NR and NiR activities, the accumulation of N, GSH, proline, enhanced activity of APX, GR, and reduced activity of SOD, and also decreases in O.2−, H2O2, lipid peroxidation and glucose. These observations were corroborated with SA, SO42− and NaCl-mediated changes in the traits of photosynthesis and growth, stomatal behaviour, and the polypeptide patterns of Rubisco in V. radiata. Overall, in V. radiata, SA-mediated higher enhancements in the activity of N assimilatory enzymes (NR, NiR, and GS), increase in the N and proline, and GSH; and decreases in the contents of Na+ and Cl− ions, and glucose (a photosynthesis repressor); maintenance of a fine tuning among SOD, APX, and GR enzymes; and higher minimization of ROS (O.2−, H2O2) and lipid peroxidation finally led to a higher promotion in photosynthesis and growth.

中文翻译：

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盐胁迫下绿豆（Vigna radiata）水杨酸和硫诱导防御系统、氮代谢、光合作用和生长潜力的机理阐明

研究人员在独立研究中探索了植物营养素（如硫、S）和植物激素（如水杨酸，SA）在控制非生物胁迫（如植物中的盐度）影响方面的潜力。然而，关于 S 和/或 SA 在调节参与氮 (N) 同化、GOGAT 循环和抗氧化防御系统的酶的作用的主要机制的信息很少。含氮渗透物脯氨酸、葡萄糖、含硫化合物的细胞状态；以及它们在作物光合作用功能和生长中的累积作用。本研究旨在评估 SA 和 S (SO42−) 介导的 N 同化酶、GOGAT 循环、N-渗透物脯氨酸及其代谢酶、乙醛化酶、暴露于含或不含 SO42− 和 SA 的 NaCl 的绿豆 (Vigna radiata L.) 的抗氧化能力。暴露于盐的 V. radiate 显示出不同程度的损伤（O.2-、H2O2、脂质过氧化；葡萄糖）和防御（抗坏血酸过氧化物酶，APX；谷胱甘肽还原酶，GR；超氧化物歧化酶，SOD；降低的 GSH；脯氨酸）和抑制NR 和 NiR 的活动；氮含量、光合作用、光合氮利用效率 (NUE) 和生长。将 SA 和 SO42− 单独补充到 50 mM NaCl 中几乎同样增强了抗氧化机制并减少了 NaCl 引起的损害。然而，将 SA 和 SO42− 联合供应给暴露于 NaCl 的品种导致 NR 和 NiR 活性的显着改善、N、GSH、脯氨酸的积累、APX、GR 的活性增强和 SOD 的活性降低，以及O.2-, H2O2, 脂质过氧化和葡萄糖。这些观察结果与 SA、SO42- 和 NaCl 介导的光合作用和生长特性、气孔行为以及辐射弧菌中 Rubisco 的多肽模式的变化得到了证实。总体而言，在辐射弧菌中，SA 介导的 N 同化酶（NR、NiR 和 GS）活性的更高增强、N 和脯氨酸以及 GSH 的增加；Na+ 和 Cl- 离子以及葡萄糖（光合作用抑制剂）的含量减少；维持 SOD、APX 和 GR 酶之间的微调；ROS（O.2-，H2O2）和脂质过氧化的最小化最终导致光合作用和生长的更高促进。和辐射弧菌中 Rubisco 的多肽模式。总体而言，在辐射弧菌中，SA 介导的 N 同化酶（NR、NiR 和 GS）活性的更高增强、N 和脯氨酸以及 GSH 的增加；Na+ 和 Cl- 离子以及葡萄糖（光合作用抑制剂）的含量减少；维持 SOD、APX 和 GR 酶之间的微调；ROS（O.2-，H2O2）和脂质过氧化的最小化最终导致光合作用和生长的更高促进。和辐射弧菌中 Rubisco 的多肽模式。总体而言，在辐射弧菌中，SA 介导的 N 同化酶（NR、NiR 和 GS）活性的更高增强、N 和脯氨酸以及 GSH 的增加；Na+ 和 Cl- 离子以及葡萄糖（光合作用抑制剂）的含量减少；维持 SOD、APX 和 GR 酶之间的微调；ROS（O.2-，H2O2）和脂质过氧化的最小化最终导致光合作用和生长的更高促进。