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Assessment of on-site sanitation practices and contamination of groundwater in rural areas of Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
Environment, Development and Sustainability ( IF 4.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-06 , DOI: 10.1007/s10668-020-00789-9
Deepak Bindra , Khaiwal Ravindra , Neha Chanana , Suman Mor

The study assesses the existing sanitation practices in the rural areas of Fatehgarh Sahib including source identification of groundwater contamination using a semi-structured questionnaire. The survey of water uses and hygiene practices was carried out in 115 rural households of Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India. Further, 45 groundwater samples were also analysed for physio-chemical examination using APHA methods. The study findings reveal that 44% of the study respondents prefer open defecation and 70% of the study participants wash their hands with soap after defecation. However, only 30% of respondents were aware of water contamination indicating poor knowledge about good hygiene practices. This is also confirmed as only 2.6% of study participants reported to treat water before consumption. The water quality in the studied villages was found poor as over 50% of the groundwater sample shows the presence of E. coli , an indication of faecal contamination. However, nitrate levels in groundwater were within acceptable limits. Fluoride concentration was above the BIS acceptable limits. Further, 60% of the groundwater samples were in moderate to very hard category. Poor water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices add to the burden of waterborne diseases and demand to create awareness and behaviour change practices to improve rural water and sanitation practices. Further, the distance between the toilet and drinking water source was not found adequate; hence, it is suggested to build guidelines to minimize the risk of waterborne diseases.

中文翻译:

评估印度旁遮普省 Fatehgarh Sahib 农村地区的现场卫生措施和地下水污染

该研究评估了 Fatehgarh Sahib 农村地区现有的卫生措施,包括使用半结构化问卷确定地下水污染的来源。对印度旁遮普邦 Fatehgarh Sahib 的 115 户农村家庭进行了用水和卫生习惯调查。此外,还使用 ​​APHA 方法对 45 个地下水样品进行了理化检查。研究结果显示,44% 的研究受访者更喜欢露天排便,70% 的研究参与者在排便后用肥皂洗手。然而,只有 30% 的受访者知道水污染,这表明他们对良好的卫生习惯知之甚少。这也得到证实,因为只有 2.6% 的研究参与者报告说在饮用前对水进行了处理。研究发现村庄的水质很差,因为超过 50% 的地下水样本显示存在大肠杆菌,这是粪便污染的迹象。然而,地下水中的硝酸盐含量在可接受的范围内。氟化物浓度高于 BIS 可接受的限度。此外,60% 的地下水样本属于中度至极硬类别。糟糕的水质、环境卫生和个人卫生习惯增加了水传播疾病的负担,需要提高意识和行为改变做法,以改善农村用水和卫生习惯。此外,厕所和饮用水源之间的距离不够;因此,建议制定准则以尽量减少水传播疾病的风险。粪便污染的迹象。然而,地下水中的硝酸盐含量在可接受的范围内。氟化物浓度高于 BIS 可接受的限度。此外,60% 的地下水样本属于中度至极硬类别。糟糕的水质、环境卫生和个人卫生习惯增加了水传播疾病的负担,需要提高意识和行为改变做法,以改善农村用水和卫生习惯。此外,厕所和饮用水源之间的距离不够;因此,建议制定准则以尽量减少水传播疾病的风险。粪便污染的迹象。然而,地下水中的硝酸盐含量在可接受的范围内。氟化物浓度高于 BIS 可接受的限度。此外,60% 的地下水样本属于中度至极硬类别。糟糕的水质、环境卫生和个人卫生习惯增加了水传播疾病的负担,需要提高认识和行为改变做法,以改善农村用水和卫生习惯。此外,厕所和饮用水源之间的距离不够;因此,建议制定准则以尽量减少水传播疾病的风险。糟糕的水质、环境卫生和个人卫生习惯增加了水传播疾病的负担,需要提高意识和行为改变做法,以改善农村用水和卫生习惯。此外,厕所和饮用水源之间的距离不够;因此,建议制定准则以尽量减少水传播疾病的风险。糟糕的水质、环境卫生和个人卫生习惯增加了水传播疾病的负担,需要提高意识和行为改变做法,以改善农村用水和卫生习惯。此外,厕所和饮用水源之间的距离不够;因此,建议制定准则以尽量减少水传播疾病的风险。
更新日期:2020-06-06
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