A constitutive model has been proposed for predicting rate-dependent stress–strain response of sand and further implemented in finite element code to explore the influence of strain rate on the localization behavior of sand. The proposed model simulates various constitutive features of sand subjected to higher strain rates, e.g., enhanced shear strength, early peak followed by a softening response, reduced compression for loose sand, etc., which have been reported in the literature. Numerical simulations predict a delayed onset of strain localization and increase in the band angle with increasing strain rate. Strains are noticed to localize in the hardening regime for loose sand, whereas for denser state localization emerges in the post-peak regime.

已经提出了一个本构模型来预测砂岩的速率相关应力-应变响应，并在有限元代码中进一步实现了本构模型，以探索应变速率对砂土定位行为的影响。所提出的模型模拟了经受较高应变速率的砂的各种本构特征，例如，增强的抗剪强度，早期峰值，随后的软化响应，疏松砂的压缩减少等，这些已在文献中进行了报道。数值模拟预测应变局部化的延迟开始，并且随着应变速率的增加，能带角也会增加。注意到应变在疏松砂的硬化状态下局部化，而对于较稠密的状态则在峰后状态下局部化。