Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors threatens to reverse recent gains in malaria control. Deciphering patterns of gene flow and resistance evolution in malaria vectors is crucial to improve control strategies and preventing malaria resurgence. A genome-wide survey of Anopheles funestus genetic diversity Africa-wide revealed evidences of a major division between southern Africa and elsewhere, associated with different population histories. Three genomic regions exhibited strong signatures of selective sweep, each spanning major resistance loci (CYP6P9a/b, GSTe2 and CYP9K1). However, a sharp regional contrast was observed between populations correlating with gene flow barriers. Signatures of complex molecular evolution of resistance were detected with evidence of copy number variation, transposon insertion and a gene conversion between CYP6P9a/b paralog genes. Temporal analyses of samples before and after bed net scale up suggest that these genomic changes are driven by this control intervention. Multiple independent selective sweeps at the same locus in different parts of Africa suggests that local evolution of resistance in malaria vectors may be a greater threat than trans-regional spread of resistance haplotypes.

疟疾媒介中的杀虫剂耐药性可能会逆转最近在疟疾控制方面取得的成果。疟疾媒介中基因流和耐药性进化的破译模式对于改善控制策略和预防疟疾复发至关重要。在非洲范围内对整个人类按蚊的遗传多样性进行的全基因组调查显示，南部非洲地区与其他地区之间存在重大分歧，这与不同的人口史有关。三个基因组区域表现出强烈的选择性扫描特征，每个区域都跨越主要的抗性基因座（CYP6P9a / b，GSTe2和CYP9K1）。然而，在与基因流动障碍相关的种群之间观察到了鲜明的区域对比。通过拷贝数变异，转座子插入和CYP6P9a / b旁系同源基因之间的基因转换的证据，检测了耐药性复杂分子进化的特征。床网放大前后的样品时间分析表明，这些基因组变化是由这种控制干预驱动的。在非洲不同地区的同一地点进行多次独立的选择性扫描表明，疟疾媒介中抗药性的局部进化可能比抗性单倍型的跨区域传播更大。