Mesenchymal stem cells (multipotent stromal cells; MSCs) have been under investigation for the treatment of diverse diseases, with many promising outcomes achieved in animal models and clinical trials. The biological activity of MSC therapies has not been fully resolved which is critical to rationalizing their use and developing strategies to enhance treatment efficacy. Different paradigms have been constructed to explain their mechanism of action, including tissue regeneration, trophic/anti‐inflammatory secretion, and immunomodulation. MSCs rarely engraft and differentiate into other cell types after in vivo administration. Furthermore, it is equivocal whether MSCs function via the secretion of many peptide/protein ligands as their therapeutic properties are observed across xenogeneic barriers, which is suggestive of mechanisms involving mediators conserved between species. Oxidative stress is concomitant with cellular injury, inflammation, and dysregulated metabolism which are involved in many pathologies. Growing evidence supports that MSCs exert antioxidant properties in a variety of animal models of disease, which may explain their cytoprotective and anti‐inflammatory properties. In this review, evidence of the antioxidant effects of MSCs in in vivo and in vitro models is explored and potential mechanisms of these effects are discussed. These include direct scavenging of free radicals, promoting endogenous antioxidant defenses, immunomodulation via reactive oxygen species suppression, altering mitochondrial bioenergetics, and donating functional mitochondria to damaged cells. Modulation of the redox environment and oxidative stress by MSCs can mediate their anti‐inflammatory and cytoprotective properties and may offer an explanation to the diversity in disease models treatable by MSCs and how these mechanisms may be conserved between species.

中文翻译：

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间充质干细胞治疗的新兴抗氧化剂范例。

间充质干细胞（多能基质细胞； MSC）已经在研究中，用于治疗多种疾病，在动物模型和临床试验中取得了许多有希望的结果。MSC疗法的生物学活性尚未完全解决，这对于合理化其使用和开发增强治疗功效的策略至关重要。构建了不同的范式来解释其作用机理，包括组织再生，营养/抗炎分泌和免疫调节。体内给药后，MSC很少移入并分化为其他细胞类型。此外，在跨异种屏障观察到MSC的治疗特性时，是否通过分泌许多肽/蛋白质配体来发挥作用还不清楚，这暗示了涉及物种之间保守的介体的机制。氧化应激伴随着细胞损伤，炎症和代谢异常，这些疾病涉及许多病理。越来越多的证据支持MSC在多种疾病动物模型中发挥抗氧化特性，这可能解释了它们的细胞保护和抗炎特性。在这篇综述中，探索了MSC在体内和体外模型中的抗氧化作用的证据，并讨论了这些作用的潜在机理。这些措施包括直接清除自由基，促进内源性抗氧化剂防御，通过抑制活性氧来调节免疫力，改变线粒体生物能，并将功能性线粒体捐赠给受损的细胞。