Ecosystem restoration implies focusing on multiple trophic levels and ecosystem functioning, yet higher trophic levels, that is, animals, are less frequently targeted by restoration than plants. Habitat diversity, the spatial heterogeneity between and within habitat patches in a landscape, is a well‐known driver of species diversity, and offers possible ways to increase species diversity at multiple trophic levels. We argue that habitat diversity is central in whole‐ecosystem restoration as we review its importance, provide a practical definition for its components, and propose ways to target it in restoration. Restoration targeting habitat diversity is used commonly in aquatic ecosystems, mostly to increase the physical diversity of habitats, meant to provide more niches available to a higher number of animal species. To facilitate the uptake of habitat diversity in terrestrial ecosystem restoration, we distinguish between compositional and structural habitat diversity, because different animal groups will respond to different aspects of habitat diversity. We also propose four methods to increase habitat diversity: varying the starting conditions to obtain divergent successional pathways, emulating natural disturbances, establishing keystone structures, and applying ecosystem engineer species. We provide two case studies to illustrate how these components and methods can be incorporated in restoration. We conclude that targeting habitat diversity is a promising way to restore habitats for a multitude of species of animals and plants, and that it should become mainstream in restoration ecology and practice. We encourage the restoration community to consider compositional and structural habitat diversity and to specifically target habitat diversity in ecosystem restoration.

中文翻译：

---

恢复变异性：陆地生态系统恢复中生境多样性范式的出现

生态系统的恢复意味着着眼于多个营养级别和生态系统功能，但是较高的营养级别（即动物）受到恢复的攻击要少于植物。生境多样性是景观中生境斑块之间和内部的空间异质性，是物种多样性的众所周知的驱动力，并提供了在多种营养水平上增加物种多样性的可能途径。我们认为栖息地多样性在整个生态系统恢复中至关重要，因为我们会审查其重要性，为其组成部分提供切实可行的定义，并提出在恢复中将其作为目标的方法。针对栖息地多样性的恢复通常在水生生态系统中使用，主要是为了增加栖息地的物理多样性，这意味着可以为更多种类的动物提供更多的生态位。为了促进在陆地生态系统恢复过程中采用栖息地多样性，我们区分了组成和结构栖息地多样性，因为不同的动物群体将对栖息地多样性的不同方面做出反应。我们还提出了四种增加栖息地多样性的方法：改变起始条件以获得不同的演替路径，模拟自然干扰，建立基石结构以及应用生态系统工程物种。我们提供了两个案例研究，以说明如何将这些组件和方法整合到修复中。我们得出结论，针对栖息地多样性是恢复许多动植物物种栖息地的一种有前途的方法，并且它应该成为恢复生态学和实践的主流。