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Allocation in life cycle assessment of lignin
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-05 , DOI: 10.1007/s11367-020-01770-4
Frida Hermansson , Matty Janssen , Magdalena Svanström

Purpose Lignin extraction in pulp mills and biorefineries are emerging technologies. Lignin is always the product of a multi-output process. Assessing such processes using life cycle assessment (LCA) requires the environmental impacts to be divided between the co-products of the system, referred to as allocation. This article explores different allocation approaches for lignin and illustrates the influence of the choice of allocation approach on the climate impact in a case study. Method Ten different applicable allocation methods were found in literature and two more were developed. Lignin production in a Kraft pulp mill using the LignoBoost process for lignin extraction was selected as a study object for the case study, and due to limited data availability only climate impact was considered. A cradle-to-gate LCA was done for the study object, and all of the twelve allocation approaches were applied; for eight of the methods, factors that strongly influence the results were identified and varied. Finally, the results were put in the context of cradle-to-grave LCAs from literature for different possible uses of lignin to give an indication of how important the choice of allocation approach can be when assessing lignin as a substitute for other raw materials. Results and discussion Results show that all allocation approaches tested were applicable to the special case of lignin, but each one of them comes with inherent challenges. Factors that often have a large impact on the results are (1) market and price of different outputs; (2) what is seen as the main product or the driver of the system or system changes; (3) what the surrounding system looks like and hence what other products will be displaced by outputs. These factors can be particularly challenging in prospective studies as such studies are future-oriented and consider systems that do not yet exist. Finally, the results show that the choice of allocation could have a significant influence on the climate impact on the cradle-to-grave climate impact of the final product. Conclusions We recommend for LCAs of lignin-based technologies that allocation methods are very carefully selected based on the goal and scope of the study and that when relevant, several methods are applied and factors are varied within them in a sensitivity analysis. In particular, the driver(s) of the system’s existence or of changes to it, sometimes reflected in market prices of outputs, should be carefully considered.

中文翻译:

木质素生命周期评价中的分配

目的 纸浆厂和生物精炼厂中的木质素提取是新兴技术。木质素始终是多输出过程的产物。使用生命周期评估 (LCA) 评估此类过程需要在系统的副产品之间分配环境影响,称为分配。本文探讨了木质素的不同分配方法,并在案例研究中说明了分配方法的选择对气候影响的影响。方法 在文献中找到了十种不同的适用分配方法,并开发了另外两种。使用 LignoBoost 工艺提取木质素的牛皮纸浆厂的木质素生产被选为案例研究的研究对象,由于数据可用性有限,仅考虑了气候影响。为研究对象完成了从摇篮到门的 LCA,并且所有十二种分配方法都被应用;对于其中八种方法,确定并改变了强烈影响结果的因素。最后,将结果置于文献中关于木质素不同可能用途的从摇篮到坟墓的 LCA 的背景下,以表明在评估木质素作为其他原材料的替代品时,分配方法的选择有多么重要。结果和讨论 结果表明,所有测试的分配方法都适用于木质素的特殊情况,但每一种方法都存在固有的挑战。经常对结果产生较大影响的因素是(1)不同产出的市场和价格;(2) 被视为主要产品或系统的驱动因素或系统变化的;(3) 周围系统是什么样子的,因此其他什么产品会被产出所取代。这些因素在前瞻性研究中尤其具有挑战性,因为此类研究面向未来并考虑尚不存在的系统。最后,结果表明,分配的选择可能对气候影响对最终产品从摇篮到坟墓的气候影响产生重大影响。结论 对于基于木质素的技术的 LCA,我们建议根据研究的目标和范围非常仔细地选择分配方法,并且在相关时,在敏感性分析中应用几种方法并改变其中的因素。特别是,应仔细考虑系统存在或系统变化的驱动因素,有时反映在产出的市场价格中。
更新日期:2020-06-05
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