The genus Cistus is taxonomically complex, as taxonomic classification of individual species based on morphological criteria is often difficult and ambiguous. However, specific species contain valuable natural products, especially terpenoids and polyphenols, which exert various biological effects and might therefore be used for treatment of a broad array of disorders. Hence, a fast and reliable method for clear identification of different Cistus (sub-) species is required. Approaches for analysis of secondary metabolite profiles, e.g., with NMR, might remedy the challenging classification of Cistus (sub-) species and help to identify specific markers for differentiation between them. In the present study, 678 samples from wild-growing Cistus populations, including 7 species and 6 subspecies/varieties thereof, were collected in 3 years from populations in 11 countries all over the Mediterranean basin. Samples were extracted with buffered aqueous methanol and analysed with NMR. From the resulting 1D-1H-NOESY and J-Res profile spectra, marker signals or spectral regions for the individual (sub-) species were identified with multivariate statistical tools. By examining the NMR profiles of these extracts, we were able to identify discriminators and specific markers for the investigated Cistus (sub-) species. Various influencing factors, like (sub-) species, wild harvestings of different populations from several countries, numerous collection sites, different years, and cultivation in greenhouses have been considered in this work. As the here identified markers are independent from these influencing factors, the results can be considered a robust model and might be used for future differentiation between Cistus (sub-) species.

中文翻译：

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使用核磁共振代谢指纹法区分岩蔷薇（亚）种（岩蔷薇科）

岩蔷薇属在分类学上很复杂，因为基于形态学标准对单个物种进行分类学分类通常很困难且含糊不清。然而，特定物种含有有价值的天然产物，尤其是萜类和多酚，它们具有多种生物学效应，因此可用于治疗多种疾病。因此，需要一种快速可靠的方法来清晰识别不同岩蔷薇（亚）种。次级代谢产物谱的分析方法，例如，使用 NMR，可能会解决岩蔷薇（亚）物种的挑战性分类，并有助于确定区分它们的特定标记。在本研究中，来自野生岩蔷薇种群的 678 个样本，包括 7 个物种和 6 个亚种/变种，在 3 年内从整个地中海盆地的 11 个国家的人群中收集。样品用缓冲甲醇水溶液萃取并用核磁共振分析。从产生的 1D-1H-NOESY 和 J-Res 剖面光谱中，使用多元统计工具识别单个（亚）物种的标记信号或光谱区域。通过检查这些提取物的 NMR 谱，我们能够确定所研究岩蔷薇（亚）物种的鉴别器和特定标记物。在这项工作中考虑了各种影响因素，如（亚）物种、来自多个国家的不同种群的野生收获、众多收集地点、不同年份和温室栽培。由于这里确定的标记独立于这些影响因素，