Conflicts between the interests of agriculture and wildlife conservation are a major threat to biodiversity and human wellbeing globally. Addressing such conflicts requires a thorough understanding of the impacts associated with living alongside protected wildlife. Despite this, most studies reporting on human-wildlife impacts and the strategies used to mitigate them focus on a single species, thus over-simplifying often complex systems of human-wildlife interactions. In this study, we characterize the spatiotemporal patterns of impacts by multiple co-occurring species on agricultural livelihoods in the eastern Okavango Delta Panhandle in northern Botswana. Using a database of 3,264 wildlife incidents recorded between 2009 and 2015 by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, we show that a total of eight species - i.e. African elephant, hippopotamus, cheetah, crocodile, leopard, lion, spotted hyena and African wild dog - appear on incident reports, of which 56.5% are attributed to elephants. Most species were associated with only one type of damage (i.e. either damage to crops or livestock loss). Carnivores were primarily implicated in incident reports related to livestock loss, particularly towards the end of the dry season (May-October). In contrast, herbivores were associated with crop loss incidents during the wet season (November-April). Our study illustrates how local communities can face distinct livelihood challenges from different species at different times of the year. Such a multi-species assessment has important implications for the design of conservation interventions aimed at addressing the costs of living with wildlife, and thereby mitigating the underlying conservation conflict. Our spatiotemporal, multi-species approach is widely applicable to other regions where sustainable and long-term solutions to conservation conflicts are needed for local communities and biodiversity. Article impact statement: Impacts of protected wildlife on local community livelihoods can vary and overlap across species, spatial scales, and time of the year. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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野生动物对当地社区生计影响的多物种评估

农业利益与野生动物保护之间的冲突是对全球生物多样性和人类福祉的主要威胁。解决此类冲突需要彻底了解与受保护野生动物共处相关的影响。尽管如此，大多数关于人类与野生动物影响以及用于减轻影响的策略的研究都集中在单一物种上，因此过度简化了通常复杂的人类与野生动物相互作用系统。在这项研究中，我们描述了博茨瓦纳北部奥卡万戈三角洲狭长地带东部多个共生物种对农业生计影响的时空模式。使用野生动物和国家公园部在 2009 年至 2015 年间记录的 3,264 起野生动物事件的数据库，我们表明共有 8 个物种——即非洲象，河马、猎豹、鳄鱼、豹子、狮子、斑鬣狗和非洲野狗——出现在事件报告中，其中 56.5% 归因于大象。大多数物种只与一种类型的损害有关（即对农作物的损害或牲畜损失）。食肉动物主要涉及与牲畜损失有关的事件报告，特别是在旱季结束时（5 月至 10 月）。相比之下，食草动物与雨季（11 月至 4 月）的作物损失事件有关。我们的研究说明了当地社区如何在一年中的不同时间面临来自不同物种的不同生计挑战。这种多物种评估对于旨在解决与野生动物一起生活的成本的保护干预措施的设计具有重要意义，从而减轻潜在的保护冲突。我们的时空多物种方法广泛适用于其他地区，在这些地区，当地社区和生物多样性需要可持续和长期的保护冲突解决方案。文章影响声明：受保护野生动物对当地社区生计的影响可能因物种、空间尺度和一年中的时间而异并重叠。本文受版权保护。版权所有。和一年中的时间。本文受版权保护。版权所有。和一年中的时间。本文受版权保护。版权所有。