Abstract Loss of forest naturalness challenges the maintenance of green infrastructure (GI) for biodiversity conservation and delivery of diverse ecosystem services. Using the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi target #11 with its quantitative and qualitative criteria as a normative model, we aim at supporting landscape planning through a pioneering assessment of the extent to which existing amounts and spatial distributions of High Conservation Value Forests (HCVFs) meet these criteria. Highly forested and committed to both intensive wood production and evidence-based conservation targets of 17–20% protected areas, Sweden was chosen as a case study. Specifically, we estimated the amount, regional representation, and functional connectivity of HCVF patches using virtual bird species, validated the results using field surveys of focal bird species, and assessed conservation target fulfilment. Finally, we linked these results to the regional distribution of forest land ownership categories, and stress that these provide different opportunities for landscape planning. Even if 31% of forest land in Sweden is officially protected, voluntarily set-aside, or not used for wood production now and in the future, we show that applying the representation and connectivity criteria of Aichi target #11 reduces this figure to an effective GI of 12%. When disaggregating the five ecoregions the effective GI was 54% for the sub-alpine forest ecoregion, which hosts EU’s last intact forest landscapes, but only 3–8% in the other four ecoregions where wood production is predominant. This results in an increasing need for forest habitat and landscape restoration from north to south. The large regional variation in the opportunity for landscape planning stresses the need for a portfolio of different approaches. We stress the need to secure funding mechanisms for compensating land owners’ investments in GI, and to adapt both the approaches and spatial extents of landscape planning units to land ownership structure.

中文翻译：

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瑞典未达到商定的国家和国际森林生物多样性目标：呼吁进行适应性景观规划

摘要 森林自然性的丧失对维护生物多样性保护和提供多样化生态系统服务的绿色基础设施 (GI) 提出了挑战。使用《生物多样性公约》的爱知目标 #11 及其定量和定性标准作为规范模型，我们旨在通过对高保护价值森林 (HCVF) 的现有数量和空间分布满足程度的开创性评估来支持景观规划这些标准。高度森林化并致力于实现 17-20% 保护区的集约化木材生产和循证保护目标，瑞典被选为案例研究。具体而言，我们使用虚拟鸟类物种估计了 HCVF 斑块的数量、区域代表性和功能连通性，使用重点鸟类物种的实地调查验证了结果，并评估了保护目标的实现情况。最后，我们将这些结果与林地所有权类别的区域分布联系起来，并强调这些为景观规划提供了不同的机会。即使瑞典 31% 的林地受到官方保护、自愿留出或现在和将来不用于木材生产，我们表明，应用爱知目标 #11 的代表性和连通性标准可以将这一数字降低为有效GI 为 12%。在对五个生态区进行分解时，亚高山森林生态区的有效 GI 为 54%，该生态区拥有欧盟最后的完整森林景观，但在其他四个木材生产占主导地位的生态区中仅为 3-8%。这导致从北到南越来越需要森林栖息地和景观恢复。景观规划机会的巨大区域差异强调了对不同方法组合的需求。我们强调需要确保补偿土地所有者对地理标志的投资的融资机制，并使景观规划单位的方法和空间范围适应土地所有权结构。