The main interfaces controlling and attempting to homeostatically balance communications between the host and the environment are the epithelial barriers of the skin, gastrointestinal system, and airways. The epithelial barrier constitutes the first line of physical, chemical, and immunologic defenses and provides a protective wall against environmental factors. Following the industrial revolution in the 19th century, urbanization and socioeconomic development have led to an increase in energy consumption, and waste discharge, leading to increased exposure to air pollution and chemical hazards. Particularly after the 1960s, biological and chemical insults from the surrounding environment—the exposome—have been disrupting the physical integrity of the barrier by degrading the intercellular barrier proteins at tight and adherens junctions, triggering epithelial alarmin cytokine responses such as IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and increasing the epithelial barrier permeability. A typical type 2 immune response develops in affected organs in asthma, rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis. The aim of this article was to discuss the effects of environmental factors such as protease enzymes of allergens, detergents, tobacco, ozone, particulate matter, diesel exhaust, nanoparticles, and microplastic on the integrity of the epithelial barriers in the context of epithelial barrier hypothesis.

控制和试图平衡宿主与环境之间的通信的主要接口是皮肤，胃肠道系统和气道的上皮屏障。上皮屏障构成了物理，化学和免疫防御的第一线，并提供了针对环境因素的保护墙。在19世纪工业革命之后，城市化和社会经济发展导致能源消耗和废物排放增加，从而增加了对空气污染和化学危害的暴露。尤其是在1960年代之后，周围环境（即暴露小体）对生物和化学的破坏通过破坏紧密连接和粘附连接处的细胞间屏障蛋白，破坏了屏障的物理完整性，触发上皮警报蛋白细胞因子反应，例如IL-25，IL-33和胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素，并增加上皮屏障通透性。在哮喘，鼻炎，慢性鼻-鼻窦炎，嗜酸性食管炎，食物过敏和特应性皮炎的受影响器官中会发生典型的2型免疫反应。本文的目的是在上皮屏障假说的背景下，讨论环境因素，例如变应原的蛋白酶，去污剂，烟草，臭氧，颗粒物，柴油机废气，纳米颗粒和微塑性材料对上皮屏障完整性的影响。 。慢性鼻-鼻窦炎，嗜酸性食管炎，食物过敏和特应性皮炎。本文的目的是在上皮屏障假说的背景下，讨论环境因素，例如变应原的蛋白酶，去污剂，烟草，臭氧，颗粒物，柴油机废气，纳米颗粒和微塑性材料对上皮屏障完整性的影响。 。慢性鼻-鼻窦炎，嗜酸性食管炎，食物过敏和特应性皮炎。本文的目的是在上皮屏障假说的背景下，讨论环境因素，例如变应原的蛋白酶，去污剂，烟草，臭氧，颗粒物，柴油机废气，纳米颗粒和微塑性材料对上皮屏障完整性的影响。 。