Abstract Ten spatial surrogates describing the detailed locations of air pollution emissions in regional air quality assessments for California were updated/created for the base year 2010 and future years from 2015 to 2040: (i) total population, (ii) total housing, (iii) single-family housing, (iv) total employment, (v) service & commercial employment, (vi) industrial employment, (vii) agricultural employment, (viii) industrial-related surrogate, (ix) off-road construction, and (x) on-road construction surrogates. The first seven surrogates were updated using the latest version of census-based datasets at finer resolution. New industrial-related, off/on-road construction surrogates were developed using realistic datasets to more accurately describe the location of construction projects and industrial facilities. Adoption of the new spatial surrogates caused changes to the spatial distribution of air pollution emissions in air quality calculations. The changes to the off-road construction surrogate resulted in the largest shift in PM emissions distribution for year 2015, followed by changes to the on-road construction surrogate. Industrial-related, service & commercial employment, and off-road construction surrogates all contributed to changes in NOx emissions. The changes to SED-derived surrogates were subtle and did not significantly influence emissions. Air quality simulations were carried out over the entire year 2016 to examine the impact of the new surrogate methodologies on simulated concentration fields. Changes to predicted pollutant concentrations followed the same pattern as changes in emissions, which indicates that proximity to sources is a dominant factor to determine the impact of spatial surrogates on model performance. The updated spatial surrogates generally improved predicted PM mass and EC concentrations in the Sacramento area (∼10% for PM, ∼3% for EC), the Bay Area (∼3% for PM, ∼1.5% for EC), and the region surrounding Los Angeles (∼5% for PM, ∼4% for EC). The updated spatial surrogates also improved predicted NOx concentrations in the core region of Los Angeles (∼6%). These improvements demonstrate that development and adoption of new methodologies for emissions spatial surrogates can improve the accuracy of regional chemical transport models for criteria air pollutants.

中文翻译：

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改进加利福尼亚地区源排放清单的空间替代品

摘要 在 2010 年基准年和 2015 年至 2040 年的未来年份更新/创建了 10 个描述加利福尼亚州区域空气质量评估中空气污染排放详细位置的空间代理：(i) 总人口，(ii) 总住房，(iii) ) 单户住宅，(iv) 总就业，(v) 服务和商业就业，(vi) 工业就业，(vii) 农业就业，(viii) 工业相关替代，(ix) 越野建设，以及 ( x) 道路施工替代品。前七个代理使用最新版本的基于人口普查的数据集以更精细的分辨率进行了更新。使用现实数据集开发了新的与工业相关的非道路/道路施工替代品，以更准确地描述建筑项目和工业设施的位置。采用新的空间替代物导致空气质量计算中空气污染排放的空间分布发生变化。非道路施工替代品的变化导致 2015 年 PM 排放分布的最大变化，其次是道路施工替代品的变化。工业相关、服务和商业就业以及非道路建设替代品都促成了氮氧化物排放的变化。SED 衍生的替代品的变化是微妙的，并没有显着影响排放。2016 年全年进行了空气质量模拟，以检查新替代方法对模拟浓度场的影响。预测污染物浓度的变化遵循与排放变化相同的模式，这表明与源的接近程度是确定空间代理对模型性能影响的主要因素。更新后的空间替代通常改善了萨克拉门托地区（PM 约 10%，EC 约 3%）、湾区（PM 约 3%，EC 约 1.5%）和该地区的预测 PM 质量和 EC 浓度洛杉矶周围（PM 约 5%，EC 约 4%）。更新后的空间替代物还改进了洛杉矶核心区域的预测 NOx 浓度（~6%）。这些改进表明，开发和采用新的排放空间替代方法可以提高标准空气污染物区域化学传输模型的准确性。更新后的空间替代通常改善了萨克拉门托地区（PM 约 10%，EC 约 3%）、湾区（PM 约 3%，EC 约 1.5%）和该地区的预测 PM 质量和 EC 浓度洛杉矶周围（PM 约 5%，EC 约 4%）。更新后的空间替代物还改进了洛杉矶核心区域的预测 NOx 浓度（~6%）。这些改进表明，开发和采用新的排放空间替代方法可以提高标准空气污染物区域化学传输模型的准确性。更新后的空间替代通常改善了萨克拉门托地区（PM 约 10%，EC 约 3%）、湾区（PM 约 3%，EC 约 1.5%）和该地区的预测 PM 质量和 EC 浓度洛杉矶周围（PM 约 5%，EC 约 4%）。更新后的空间替代物还改进了洛杉矶核心区域的预测 NOx 浓度（~6%）。这些改进表明，开发和采用新的排放空间替代方法可以提高标准空气污染物区域化学传输模型的准确性。