Stress Granules (SGs) are membraneless cytoplasmic RNA granules, which contain translationally stalled mRNAs, associated translation initiation factors and multiple RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). They are formed in response to various stresses and contribute to reprogramming of cellular metabolism to aid cell survival. Because of their cytoprotective nature, association with translation regulation and cell signaling, SGs are an essential component of the integrated stress response pathway, a complex adaptive program central to stress management. Recent advances in SG biology unambiguously demonstrate that SGs are heterogeneous in their RNA and protein content leading to the idea that various SG subtypes exist. These SG variants are formed in cell type- and stress-specific manners and differ in their composition, dynamics of assembly and disassembly, and contribution to cell viability. As aberrant SG dynamics contribute to the formation of pathological persistent SGs that are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, the biology of different SG subtypes may be directly implicated in neurodegeneration. Here, we will discuss mechanisms of SG formation, their subtypes, and potential contribution to health and disease.

应力颗粒 (SG) 是无膜细胞质 RNA 颗粒，其中包含翻译停滞的 mRNA、相关的翻译起始因子和多种 RNA 结合蛋白 (RBP)。它们是在应对各种压力时形成的，有助于细胞代谢的重新编程以帮助细胞存活。由于它们的细胞保护性质、与翻译调节和细胞信号传导的关联，SGs 是综合应激反应途径的重要组成部分，这是一个复杂的适应性程序，是压力管理的核心。SG 生物学的最新进展明确表明 SG 在其 RNA 和蛋白质含量方面是异质的，从而导致存在各种 SG 亚型的想法。这些 SG 变体以细胞类型和压力特定的方式形成，并且它们的组成、组装和拆卸的动力学不同，和对细胞活力的贡献。由于异常的 SG 动力学有助于形成与神经退行性疾病有关的病理性持续 SG，因此不同 SG 亚型的生物学可能直接与神经退行性疾病有关。在这里，我们将讨论 SG 形成的机制、它们的亚型以及对健康和疾病的潜在贡献。