Butorphanol–Azaperone–Medetomidine (BAM) is a relatively new drug mixture compounded for the past decade to immobilize mammals, particularly ungulates. Despite its increased use in recent years, scant research has quantified the physiologic responses of immobilized animals or assessed its relative efficacy using different trapping methods. We tested the safety and efficacy of BAM for use in the immobilization of 198 free‐ranging white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) captured using drop‐nets, Clover traps, and gun‐propelled darts from 1 January 2014 to 28 July 2016 in Kentucky and Indiana, USA. Use of BAM produced a safe and satisfactory plane of immobilization that rarely required treatment of side effects. First signs of induction were observed on average at 4.4 ± 0.2 (standard error) minutes post–intramuscular administration, and deer reached lateral recumbency at 8.6 ± 0.4 minutes. Times to first signs of induction and the induction period were longer for adults than for juveniles, while times to the first sign of reversal, lifting head, and standing were longer for juveniles than adults. Although physiologic responses of deer during induction were within published norms, respiration rates, body temperature, heart rates, and oxygen saturation typically declined throughout the immobilization period. Our BAM dose did not affect time to recovery or heart rate. Regardless of trapping method, on average, heart rate was 61.2 ± 0.7 beats/minute, respiratory rate was 29.1 ± 0.5 breaths/minute, temperature was 38.93° ± 0.04° C, and oxygen saturation was 85.0% ± 0.3%. Deer showed first signs of reversal at 4.3 ± 0.3 minutes after administration of the reversal agent intramuscularly or half‐intramuscularly and half‐intravenously and were fully recovered after 6.3 ± 0.4 minutes. In summary, we found that BAM was an efficacious and safe drug to use on white‐tailed deer captured by a variety of trapping methods. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.

中文翻译：

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安全使用Butorphanol–Azaperone–Metotomidine固定散养的白尾鹿

在过去的十年中，Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine（BAM）是一种相对较新的药物混合物，可以固定哺乳动物，特别是有蹄类动物。尽管近年来使用增加了，但是很少的研究已经量化了固定化动物的生理反应或使用不同的诱捕方法评估了其相对功效。我们测试了BAM用于固定198只散养白尾鹿（Odocoileus virginianus）的安全性和有效性）从2014年1月1日至2016年7月28日在美国肯塔基州和印第安纳州使用落网，四叶草陷阱和枪支飞镖捕获。BAM的使用产生了安全而令人满意的固定平面，很少需要治疗副作用。肌肉注射后平均在4.4±0.2（标准误）分钟观察到最初的诱导迹象，而鹿在8.6±0.4分钟达到侧卧。对于成年人来说，首次出现诱导迹象的时间和诱导期要比少年更长，而对于成年人来说，达到反转，抬头和站立的最初迹象的时间要比成年人更长。尽管诱导过程中鹿的生理反应在已公布的标准之内，但在整个固定期间，呼吸频率，体温，心率和氧饱和度通常会下降。我们的BAM剂量不会影响恢复时间或心率。不论采用哪种诱捕方法，平均心率均为61.2±0.7节拍/分钟，呼吸率为29.1±0.5呼吸/分钟，温度为38.93°±0.04°C，氧饱和度为85.0％±0.3％。肌肉或半肌肉内和半静脉内施用逆转剂后，鹿在4.3±0.3分钟时显示出最初的逆转迹象，并在6.3±0.4分钟后完全恢复。总之，我们发现BAM是一种有效且安全的药物，可用于通过多种诱捕方法捕获的白尾鹿。©2020野生动物协会。氧饱和度为85.0％±0.3％。肌肉或半肌肉内和半静脉内施用逆转剂后，鹿在4.3±0.3分钟时显示出最初的逆转迹象，并在6.3±0.4分钟后完全恢复。总之，我们发现BAM是一种有效且安全的药物，可用于通过多种诱捕方法捕获的白尾鹿。©2020野生动物协会。氧饱和度为85.0％±0.3％。肌肉或半肌肉内和半静脉内施用逆转剂后，鹿在4.3±0.3分钟时显示出最初的逆转迹象，并在6.3±0.4分钟后完全恢复。总而言之，我们发现BAM是一种有效安全的药物，可用于通过多种诱捕方法捕获的白尾鹿。©2020野生动物协会。