Off-resonance actuators utilizing lead-free incipient piezoelectric materials have recently gained extensive attention because of their exceptionally high electromechanical strain. However, current incipient piezoelectric materials have three critical challenges, namely, high driving field required for producing potentially high strains, high frequency dependence, and relatively poor fatigue resistance, which seriously restrict the implementation of lead-free incipient piezoelectrics in high-efficiency actuator applications. Herein, we demonstrate that the integration of chemical engineering and crystallographic texturing design strategies into a Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃-based system provides a highly effective approach to address these challenges. Novel 〈00l〉-oriented 0.97(0.94Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃–0.06BaTiO₃)–0.03NN, as an exemplary incipient piezoelectric ceramic, was fabricated to experimentally demonstrate this design concept. A low field-driven large strain response (∼0.32% at 50 kV cm⁻¹, ∼0.46% at 75 kV cm⁻¹), excellent frequency dependence (∼0.42% at 65 kV cm⁻¹, <5% variation from 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz), and superior fatigue endurance (S > 0.4%, <10% change up to 10⁵ cycles) were simultaneously achieved in the manufactured textured ceramic, which is superior to that reported previously in most lead-free perovskite ceramics. These outstanding actuator performances can be mainly ascribed to the considerably easy ergodic relaxor to ferroelectric phase transition due to the formation of an oriented microstructure, which promotes domain switching and mobility, as confirmed by PFM measurements. This study offers a feasible and reproducible design methodology, i.e., chemical engineering and crystallographic texturing, to develop viable incipient piezoceramics and will guide future efforts in this field.

中文翻译：

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集成化学工程和晶体学纹理设计策略，以实现实际上可行的基于钛酸铋钠的无铅压电陶瓷。

利用无铅初始压电材料的失谐致动器最近因其异常高的机电应变而受到广泛关注。然而，当前的初始压电材料具有三个关键挑战，即产生潜在高应变所需的高驱动场，高频率依赖性以及相对较差的抗疲劳性，这严重限制了无铅初始压电在高效执行器应用中的实施。 。本文中，我们证明了将化学工程和晶体织构化设计策略集成到基于Bi _0.5 Na _0.5 TiO ₃的系统中提供了一种有效的方法来应对这些挑战。小说〈00升>取向0.97（0.94Bi _0.5的Na _0.5的TiO ₃ -0.06BaTiO ₃）-0.03NN，作为示例性的初始压电陶瓷，制作出在实验上证实这种设计概念。低场驱动的大应变响应（在50 kV cm ^-1时约为0.32％，在75 kV cm ^-1时约为0.46％），出色的频率依赖性（在65 kV cm ^-1时约为0.42％，从0.1开始变化<5％ Hz至100 Hz）和卓越的疲劳耐久性（S > 0.4％，<10％变化高达10 ⁵在制造的纹理陶瓷中可以同时实现，这要比以前在大多数无铅钙钛矿陶瓷中所报告的要好。这些优异的执行器性能主要归因于相当容易的遍历弛豫器到铁电相变，这归因于定向微结构的形成，这促进了磁畴切换和迁移，如PFM测量所证实。这项研究提供了一种可行且可重复的设计方法，即化学工程和晶体学织构化，以开发可行的初始压电陶瓷，并将指导该领域的未来工作。