Dopamine receptor-blocking antipsychotics, first introduced into clinical practice in 1952, were hailed as a panacea in the treatment of a number of psychiatric disorders. However, within 5 years, this notion was to be shattered by the recognition of both acute and chronic drug-induced movement disorders which can accompany their administration. Tardive syndromes, denoting the delayed onset of movement disorders following administration of dopamine receptor-blocking (and also other) drugs, have diverse manifestations ranging from the classic oro-bucco-lingual dyskinesia, through dystonic craniocervical and trunk posturing, to abnormal breathing patterns. Although tardive syndromes have been an important part of movement disorder clinical practice for over 60 years, their pathophysiologic basis remains poorly understood and the optimal treatment approach remains unclear. This review summarises the current knowledge relating to these syndromes and provides clinicians with pragmatic, clinically focused guidance to their management.

中文翻译：

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迟发综合征

多巴胺受体阻断抗精神病药于 1952 年首次引入临床实践，被誉为治疗多种精神疾病的灵丹妙药。然而，在 5 年内，随着对药物引起的急性和慢性药物引起的运动障碍的认识，这一观念将被打破。迟发综合征，表示在施用多巴胺受体阻断（以及其他）药物后运动障碍的延迟发作，具有多种表现，从经典的口-颊-舌运动障碍，通过肌张力障碍的颅颈和躯干姿势，到异常呼吸模式。尽管 60 多年来，迟发综合征一直是运动障碍临床实践的重要组成部分，他们的病理生理学基础仍然知之甚少，最佳治疗方法仍不清楚。本综述总结了与这些综合征相关的当前知识，并为临床医生提供了务实的、以临床为重点的管理指导。