Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is the causative agent of the bacterial canker of kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.). Phage therapy has been suggested as a viable alternative approach to controlling this disease, but its efficacy is limited by the emergence of phage-resistant mutants. Carvacrol is an essential oil that may be useful for the control of Psa. Combination therapies can be used to overcome resistance development. Here, the combination of phages (single phage suspensions of phages PN05 and PN09, and a cocktail of both phages) and carvacrol was investigated in controlling Psa planktonic and biofilm forms in vitro. The phage therapy alone (with phages PN05 and PN09), and the carvacrol alone (minimum inhibitory concentration 2.0 mg/mL), inhibited Psa growth, but the combined effect of both therapies was more effective. The phages alone effectively inhibited Psa growth for 24 h, but Psa regrowth was observed after this time. The carvacrol (2.0 mg/mL) alone prevented the biofilm formation for 48 h, but did not destroy the pre-formed biofilms. The combined treatment, phages and carvacrol (2.0 mg/mL), showed a higher efficacy, preventing Psa regrowth for more than 40 h. In conclusion, the combined treatment with phages and carvacrol may be a promising, environment-friendly and cost-effective approach to controlling Psa in the kiwifruit industry.

中文翻译：

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噬菌体和香芹酚的联合应用在丁香假单胞菌防治中。猕猴桃浮游生物和生物膜形式。

丁香假单胞菌PV。猕猴桃（Psa）是猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病的致病因子（Actinidiaspp。）。已经提出了噬菌体疗法作为控制该疾病的可行替代方法，但是其有效性受到噬菌体抗性突变体的出现的限制。香芹酚是一种精油，可用于控制Psa。组合疗法可用于克服耐药性发展。在这里，研究了噬菌体（噬菌体PN05和PN09的单一噬菌体悬浮液，以及两种噬菌体的混合物）和香芹酚的组合，用于体外控制Psa浮游生物和生物膜的形式。单独的噬菌体疗法（与噬菌体PN05和PN09结合使用）和单独的香芹酚（最小抑菌浓度为2.0 mg / mL）可抑制Psa的生长，但两种疗法的联合作用更为有效。单独的噬菌体可有效抑制Psa的生长达24小时，但此后观察到Psa的再生长。香芹酚（2。单独使用0 mg / mL可以阻止生物膜形成48小时，但不会破坏预先形成的生物膜。噬菌体和香芹酚（2.0 mg / mL）的联合治疗显示出更高的功效，可防止Psa再生超过40小时。总之，用噬菌体和香芹酚的组合治疗可能是控制猕猴桃工业中Psa的一种有前途的，环境友好的和具有成本效益的方法。